Policy of rapprochement with Việtnam

 

Version vietnamienne

Version française

The hospitality that Rama I extended to Nguyễn Ánh later served as the basis for the development of the future relationship between the two countries. It is not unrelated to Nguyễn Ánh’s careful conduct in seeking an appropriate solution to manage the dual suzerainty over Laos and Cambodia with the Thais. According to the Vietnamese researcher Nguyễn Thế Anh, these countries were considered at that time as children raised together by Siam and Vietnam, the former arrogating the title of father and the latter the title of mother. This dual dependence is known in the Thai language as « song faifa. » According to Siamese sources, Nguyễn Ánh sent six times from Gia Định to Bangkok silver and gold trees, a sign of allegiance between 1788 and 1801. (2). In a letter addressed to Rama I before his return to Gia Định, Nguyễn Ánh agreed to be placed under the protectorate of Siam in case he succeeded in restoring his power. Did Đại Nam (the former name of Vietnam) accept being a mandala state?

There are several reasons to refute this hypothesis. First, Đại Nam was not under the influence of Theravada Buddhism and did not have the Indianized culture as was the case with Cambodia and Laos because the religious role plays an important part in the mandala defined by the researcher O. Wolter. Siam had so far tried to extend its influence and control in regions where the Thais were more or less established and where the Indianized culture was visible.

This is not the case for Vietnam. Chakri and his predecessor Taksin had already failed in this endeavor in Cochinchina, which was nevertheless a new land because there was a significant Vietnamese colony with a different culture. Vassalage seems unlikely. The truth is never known, but one can rely on the fact that to acknowledge the benefits of Ralma I, Nguyễn Ánh could adopt this understandable behavior which was never incompatible with his temperament and especially with his Confucian spirit, in which ingratitude was not a part.

One always finds in him the gratitude and kindness that cannot later be refuted with Pigneau de Béhaine, who devoted much effort to convincing him to convert to Catholicism. During his reign, there was no persecution of Catholics, which can be interpreted as a recognition of Pigneau de Béhaine. From this point of view, one can see in him the principle of humanity (đạo làm người) by honoring both the gratitude towards those who protected him during 25 years of hardships and the revenge against those who killed all his relatives and family. (debt must be repaid, vengeance must be taken)

At the time of his enthronement in 1803 in Huế, Nguyễn Ánh received a crown offered by King Rama I but immediately returned it because he did not accept being treated as a vassal king and receiving the title that the Siamese King Rama I was accustomed to granting to his vassals. This behavior disproves the accusation that has always been made against Nguyễn Ánh.

For some Vietnamese historians, Nguyễn Ánh is a traitor because he brought in foreigners and gave them the opportunity to occupy Vietnam. The Vietnamese expression « Đem rắn cắn gà nhà » (Introducing the snake to bite the home chicken) is often attached to Nguyễn Ánh. It is unfair to label him a traitor because, in the difficult context he was in, there was no reason not to act as he did as a human being when he was at the brink of despair. Probably the following expression « Tương kế tựu kế » (Combining a stratagem of circumstance) suits him better, although there is a risk of playing into the hands of foreigners. It should also be recalled that the Tây Sơn had the opportunity to send an emissary to Rama I in 1789 with the aim of neutralizing Nguyễn Ánh using the stratagem (Điệu hổ ly sơn (Luring the tiger away from the mountain)), but this attempt was in vain due to Rama I’s refusal. (3)

Being intelligent, courageous, and resigned like the king of the Yue Gou Jian (Cẫu Tiển) from the Spring and Autumn period (Xuân Thu), he should have known the consequences of his act. There is not only Gia Long but also thousands of people who accepted to follow him and bear the heavy responsibility of bringing foreigners into the country to counter the Tây Sơn. Are they all traitors? This is a thorny question to which it is difficult to give an affirmative answer and a hasty condemnation without first having a sense of fairness and without being swayed by partisan opinions when one knows that Nguyễn Huệ remains the most adored hero by the Vietnamese for his military genius.

Disappointed by Gia Long’s refusal, Rama I showed no sign of resentment but found justification in the cultural difference. In Rama I, we find not only wisdom but also understanding. He wanted to deal henceforth on an equal footing with him. This equal treatment can be interpreted as a « privileged » bilateral relationship between the elder and the younger in mutual respect. Each of them should know that they needed the other even if it was an alliance of circumstance. Their countries were respectively threatened by formidable enemies, Burma and China.

Their special relationship did not fade over time because Rama I fell in love in the meantime with Nguyễn Ánh’s sister. It is not known what became of her (his wife or his concubine). However, there was a love poem that Rama I dedicated to her and which continued to be sung even in the 1970s during the annual royal boat procession.

As for Nguyễn Ánh (or Gia Long), during his reign, he avoided military confrontation with Thailand over the thorny Cambodian and Laotian issues. Before his death, Gia Long repeatedly reminded his successor Minh Mạng to perpetuate the friendship he had managed to establish with Rama I and to consider Siam as a respectable ally in the Indochinese peninsula (4). This was later justified by Minh Mạng’s refusal to attack Siam at the request of the Burmese.

According to researcher Nguyễn Thế Anh, in continental Southeast Asia, out of about twenty important principalities around 1400, only three kingdoms remained that managed to establish themselves at the beginning of the 19th century as regional powers, among which were Siam and Đại Việt, one advancing eastward and the other southward at the expense of the Hinduized states (Laos, Cambodia, Champa). This conflict of interests intensified increasingly after the death of Rama I and Nguyễn Ánh.

Their successors (Minh Mạng, Thiệu Trị on the Vietnamese side and Rama III on the Siamese side) were entangled in the problem of succession of the Cambodian kings who kept fighting among themselves and seeking their help and protection. They were henceforth guided by a policy of colonialism and annexation which led them to confront each other militarily twice in 1833 and 1841 on Cambodian and Vietnamese territories and to find at the end of each confrontation a compromise agreement in their favor and to the detriment of their respective protégés.

The temporary alliance is no longer taken into account. The rivalry, which was becoming increasingly visible between the two competing countries Đại Nam and Siam, now rules out any rapprochement and any possible alliance. Even their policies are completely different, one aligning with the Chinese model to avoid any contact with Western colonialists and the other with the Japanese model to advocate the opening of borders.

The Khmer capital Phnom Penh was at one time occupied by the Vietnamese army of General Trương Minh Giảng while the regions of Western Cambodia (Siem Reap, Battambang, Sisophon) were in the hands of the Thais. According to the French historian Philippe Conrad, the king of Cambodia was considered a mere governor of the king of Siam. The royal insignia (golden sword, crown seal) were confiscated and held in Bangkok. The arrival of the French in Indochina put an end to their dual suzerainty over Cambodia and Laos. It allowed the Cambodian and Laotian protégés to recover part of their territory in the hands of the Vietnamese and the Thais. Đại Nam under Emperor Tự Đức had to face the French colonial authorities who had annexed the six provinces of Nam Bộ (Cochinchina).

Thanks to the foresight of their kings (particularly that of Chulalongkorn or Rama V), the Thais, relying on the rivalry policy between the English and the French, managed to maintain their independence at the cost of territorial concessions (the Burmese and Malay territories occupied were returned to the English and the Laotian and Khmer territories to the French). They chose a flexible foreign policy (chính sách cây sậy) like the reed that adapts to the wind. It is no coincidence to see the sacred union of the three Thai princes at the dawn of the Thai nation in 1287 and the submission to the Sino-Mongol troops of Kublai Khan.

It is this synthetic policy of adaptation that allows them to stay away from colonial wars, always side with the victors, and exist today as a flourishing nation despite their late emergence (dating from the early 14th century) in mainland Southeast Asia.

Pictures of Venice of the East (Vọng các)

[Return THAILAND]


(1) Bùi Quang Tùng: Professeur, membre scientifique de EFEO. Auteur de plusieurs ouvrages sur le Vietnam.
(2) P.R.R.I, p. 113.
(3) Pool, Peter A.: The Vietnamese in Thailand, p 32, note 3.


Latent conflicts with Vietnam


Vietnamese version
French version

There are victories and defeats on both sides. Leading an army of 20,000 men and a fleet, Taksin succeeded in driving out, after a ten-day siege, Mo Shi-Lin (Mạc Tiên Tứ in Vietnamese), the son of Mạc Cửu, from Hà Tiên. He was a significant Chinese ally of the Nguyễn lords and the protector of the son of the last king of the Ayutthaya dynasty, Chao Chuy (Chiêu Thúy). The latter continued to be one of the potential contenders for the crown and a daily concern for Taksin. Due to his military setbacks at Châu Đốc and in the Sadec region, Taksin was forced to accept the peace treaty offered by Mạc Thiên Tứ and to abandon Hà Tiên in ruins in exchange for the return of Prince Chiêu Thúy, the release of Mạc Thiên Tứ’s daughter who was captured at the fall of Hà Tiên, and the maintenance on the Cambodian throne of a pro-Thai king named Ang Non.

Upon his return, Chiêu Thúy was executed along with his brother who was captured in Cambodia. As for Lord Nguyễn Phúc Thuần (later known as Duệ Tông), troubled by the rebellion of the « Tây Sơn brothers (Western Peasants), » he was forced to endorse this agreement and temporarily allow the Thais free rein in their territorial expansion policy over Laos and Cambodia. But the truce was short-lived for Mạc Thiên Tứ because in the meantime, he was pursued by the Tây Sơn who had succeeded in taking Gia Định (or Saigon) in 1776 and capturing Lord Nguyễn Phúc Thuần in Cà Mau. He had to seek refuge with his family and subordinates with Taksin in Thonburi (Thailand). However, the latter, obsessed and consumed by so much suspicion and distrust, ended up executing his family and subordinates, among whom was Prince Tôn Thất Xuân. To preserve his dignity and honor, Mạc Thiên Tứ committed suicide in September 1780 by swallowing a gold coin. Taksin’s distrust became increasingly overwhelming to the point where it turned into a mental illness accompanied by paranoid and tyrannical behavior.

It is one of the common traits of great politicians (Ts’ao Ts’ao (Tào Tháo) of the Three Kingdoms, Qin Shi Huang Di (Tần Thủy Hoàng) for example). It is this mistrust that later led him to imprison his close associates, particularly the family of his son-in-law Chakri, who was engaged in a military campaign in Cambodia against the Vietnamese of the young prince Nguyễn Ánh. Chakri (the future King Rama I) was forced to make a pact with Nguyễn Ánh’s lieutenants, Nguyễn Hữu Thùy and Hồ văn Lân. They sent him a knife, a sword, and a flag as a sign of their support against Taksin. Having managed to return in time when a coup d’état overthrew the latter, the Siamese general Chaophraya Mahakasatsuk (or Chakri) thus became King Rama I and the founder of the Chakri dynasty.

His advent allowed the closure of the Thonburi dynasty and its replacement by the new dynasty with the transfer of the capital to Bangkok. It was here that King Rama I attempted to restore the Ayutthaya style through his royal palace (Bangkok). The establishment of the new capital did not correspond to a renewal of Siamese art. Rama I was interested in continuing the unfinished work of King Taksin the Great in the march eastward. He did not hesitate to mount a military expedition to assist Crown Prince Nguyễn Ánh in his struggle against the Tây Sơn. Unfortunately, this Vietnamo-Siamese expedition was crushed in 1783 in the Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút canals of today’s Tiền Giang province by the strategist king Nguyễn Huệ. Of the Siamese army initially composed of at least 50,000 men and 300 junks, only 2,000 men managed to pass through Cambodia to return to Thailand.

Taking advantage of the geographical unfamiliarity of the terrain (địa lợi) and the military underestimation of the enemies, Nguyễn Huệ avoided a frontal engagement at Sadec and quickly succeeded in thwarting the Siamese invasion in the canals near Mỹ Tho. Nguyễn Huệ needed a swift victory because he knew that the Trịnh in Northern Vietnam could take advantage of this opportunity to invade Qui Nhơn in central Vietnam.

Hunted like a wild beast and plunged into the abyss of sadness, Nguyễn Ánh was forced to exile himself to Bangkok, accompanied by about thirty mandarins and approximately 200 soldiers for a short period (from 1785 to 1787). He was later joined by 5,000 soldiers under General Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức. According to Vietnamese professor Bùi Quang Tùng (1), many refugees preferred to stay in Thailand and marry Siamese women.

Policy of rapprochement with Việtnam

[Return THAILAND]

Kingdom of Ayutthaya (Version anglaise)

Version vietnamienne
Version française

The kingdom of Sukhothai did not survive after the disappearance of the great King Rama Khamheng because his successors Lo Tai (1318-1347) and Lu Tai (1347-1368), preoccupied with religious faith, neglected to watch over their vassals among whom there was a brave and energetic prince from U Thong (*) known for his territorial ambitions. He did not hesitate to subdue Lu Tai of Sukhothai. He thus became the founder of the new dynasty by taking Ayutthaya, located in the lower valley of the Menam Chao Praya, as the capital. He took the title Ramathibodi I (or Rama the Great) (or Ramadhipati). His kingdom was not unified in the strict sense of the term but was in a way a mandala (**). The king was at the center of several concentric circles of the mandala system. The outermost circle consisted of autonomous principalities (or muäng) each governed by a member of the royal family, while the closest circle was in the hands of governors appointed by the king. An edict dating from 1468 or 1469 reported that there were 20 vassal kings paying homage to the king of Ayutthaya.

Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya

พระนครศรีอยุธยา


© Đặng Anh Tuấn

(*) U Thong: district located in the province of Suphanburi. It is the kingdom of Dvaravati, which the Chinese often referred to as T’o Lo po ti. It is here that the famous Chinese monk Huan Tsang (Huyền Trang) passed through during his journey to India to bring back original Buddhist texts.

(**) Mandala term used by WOLTERS, O.W. 1999. History, Culture and Religion in Southeast Asian Perspectives. Revised Edition, Ithaca, Cornell University and the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp 16-28.


Despite this, his grip and authority were relative over distant principalities that could at any time assert their independence and claims with their charismatic leaders. His religious role (dharmaraja) served as a counterbalance to the potential rivalry of these vassal kings. This is why the kingdom of Ayutthaya often experienced succession wars and internal struggles during its existence.

At its peak, the kingdom of Ayutthaya occupied roughly the territory of present-day Thailand, minus the buffer kingdom of Lanna (whose capital was Chiangmai) and part of the east in Burma. According to researcher Nguyễn Thế Anh, this type of political configuration was also found for a certain time at the beginning of the 11th century in Vietnam but disappeared in favor of the centralization of power in the capital at the time of its transfer to Thăng Long (Hanoi) under the reign of Lý Thái Tổ (Lý Công Uẩn).

According to the Thai historian Charnvit Kasetsiri, this prince of U Thong came from a Chinese family. Thanks to the marital alliance with the king of Lopburi, he succeeded in imposing himself to succeed the latter. From then on, Ayutthaya became the center of Siamese political power until its destruction by the Burmese of King Hsinbyushin in 1767. Expansionist, Ramathibodi soon took Angkor in 1353. This happened again twice with Ramesuen (the son of King Ramathibodi) in 1393 and with Borommaracha II in 1431. The Khmers were forced to transfer their capital to Phnom Penh with the Khmer king Ponheat Yat. Despite their sacking of Angkor, the kings of Ayutthaya continued to willingly present themselves as heirs of the kings of the Angkorian empire. They took over not only the organization of the court and the titulature of the vanquished but also their dancers and their ornaments. The return to the tradition of the Angkorian monarchy was evident. The king became, in a way, a living god whose public appearance was rare. His subjects could no longer look him in the face except his close family members. They had to address him in a specific language used for royalty. Endowed with divine power, the king could decide the fate of his subjects. It was under the reign of Ramathibodi that a series of reforms was initiated. He brought members of the Sinhalese monastic community with the aim of establishing a new religious order.

In 1360, Theravada Buddhism became the official religion of the kingdom. A legal code incorporating Thai custom and based on the Hindu Dharmashāstra was adopted. As for Ayutthaya art, it initially evolved under the influence of Sukhothai art. Then it continued to find its inspiration in the field of sculpture before returning to Khmer models when King Trailokanatha succeeded his father on the throne in 1448. In short, the Ayutthaya style is a blend of the Sukhothai style and the Khmer style.

Described by the Abbé de Choisy, a member of a French delegation sent in 1685 by King Louis XIV to the Siamese King Narai as a cosmopolitan and marvelous city, Ayutthaya quickly became the prey of Burmese covetousness because of its wealth and grandeur. Despite the meaning of its Sanskrit name (« impregnable fortress »), it was looted and devastated by the Burmese of King Bayinnaung of Toungoo in 1569. Then it was sacked again by the Burmese of King Hsinbyushin in 1767. The Burmese took advantage of this occasion to melt down the gold that covered the Buddha statues, but they neglected another stucco Buddha in one of the capital’s temples. Yet beneath the stucco lies the statue in solid gold.


This is indeed a stratagem employed by the Siamese monks to hide the treasure at the time when the Burmese were besieging the capital. This golden Buddha is currently in the Wat Traimit located in the heart of the Chinatown district in Bangkok.

After the destruction of the Ayutthaya capital, the Burmese withdrew taking not only the loot and prisoners (at least 60,000 Siamese) but also the king of Ayutthaya and his family. From then on, the kingdom of Ayutthaya was completely dismantled with the emergence of several local lords. Its capital was no longer the center of political power. According to the American anthropologist Charles Keyes, Ayutthaya no longer received the cosmic influences necessary for its continuity. Its reason for being was no longer justified. It would soon be replaced by the new capital Thonburi, very close to Bangkok, accessible by sea (in case of Burmese invasion) and founded by the governor of Tak province named Sin. That is why he is commonly called Taksin (or Trịnh Quốc Anh in Vietnamese) or Taksin the Great in the history of Thailand.

Being of Teo Chiu (Chaozhou) Chinese origin, he managed to establish himself as the unifier and liberator of Thailand after eliminating all contenders and defeating the Burmese at Ayutthaya following two days of fierce fighting. His reign lasted only 15 years (1767-1782). Yet it was under his reign that Thailand regained not only independence but also prosperity. It also became one of the powerful states of Southeast Asia by successfully permanently freeing the rival kingdom of Lanna (Chiang Mai) from Burmese yoke in 1774 and by extending its influence and vassalage over Laos and Cambodia through military expeditions. It began to take an interest in the strategic position played at the beginning of the 18th century by the principality of Hà Tiên governed by a Cantonese Chinese Mac King Kiou (or Mạc Cửu in Vietnamese), hostile to the new Qing (Manchu) dynasty in the Gulf of Siam. It always entertained the idea of monopolizing and controlling trade in the Gulf of Siam.

It was in Laos that the Thais, led by General Chakri (future King Rama I), took the Emerald Buddha from the Laotians and brought it back to Thonburi in 1779 before permanently installing it in the royal palace of Bangkok. This Buddha thus became the protector of the Chakri dynasty and the guarantor of Thailand’s prosperity.

Having been divided into three entities: the kingdom of Vientiane, the kingdom of Luang Prabang, and the kingdom of Champassak after the death of a great king of Laos, Surinyavongsa, Laos temporarily fell under Thai rule. However, in Cambodia, taking advantage of internal dissensions related to the succession of the throne and always pursuing an expansionist policy eastward to fully control the Gulf of Siam, the Thais did not hesitate to enter into armed conflict with the Vietnamese lords Nguyễn, who until then had oversight over Cambodia, which had granted the Vietnamese facilities for settlement in its territory (Cochinchina) with King Prea Chey Chetta II in 1618.

Latent conflicts with Vietnam

[Return THAÏLAND]

Art of Sukothai (Version anglaise)


French version

Vietnamese version

With the first great Thai kingdom of Sukhothai, a new civilization emerged that knew how to take advantage of indigenous culture under the impetus of an exceptional and equally remarkable personality, King Rama Khamheng. For Georges Coedès, the Thais were remarkable assimilators. Instead of destroying everything that belonged to the former masters (Mon-Khmers) as the Vietnamese did during the conquest of Champa, the Thais tried to appropriate it and rediscover themes in the old Mon-Khmer repertoires to create a new, unique style, allowing local traditions to show through in architecture (chedis) and statuary (Buddhas). Mahayana was henceforth abandoned in favor of Theravada Buddhism, to which Thai aesthetics were entirely devoted. This obviously drew its iconographic and plastic formulas from Khmer art and that of Dvaravati (Mon).

The blossoming of Sukhothai art testifies to a will for innovation and remarkable vitality despite certain Sinhalese, Burmese, and Khmer influences. This is seen in the great creation of Buddha iconography. These Buddhas, represented in human form, were sculpted according to very precise rules that Thai artists had to meticulously respect. According to Bernard Groslier, there is a slight exaggeration in the beauty of these works in order to accentuate stylization and show the originality of a new and dynamic society. The excessive elongation found in the arms and ears and the excessive deformation of the upper bun clearly reflect the lack of realism.

Despite this, the Buddhist sculpture of Sukhothai undoubtedly testifies to an entirely original art and a period when the Thai nation needed a cultural and religious identity and a distinct personality illustrated by the example found in the creation of the Walking Buddha. Its graceful form cannot go unnoticed and manages to penetrate the Thai people. A fluidity is found in the movement of this Buddha. Its appearance is both light and serene. Its oval-shaped head, perfectly arched eyebrows in a semicircle extended by a long aquiline nose, its curly hair topped with a long flame (uṇīsa) (Sinhalese tradition), its mouth surrounded by a double line (Khmer tradition), its clothes clinging to the body are the characteristic features of the Buddhist art of Sukhothai.

Despite this, the Buddhist sculpture of Sukhothai undeniably bears witness to an entirely original art and a period when the Thai nation needed a cultural and religious identity and a distinct personality illustrated by the example found in the creation of the Walking Buddha. Its graceful form cannot go unnoticed and manages to penetrate the Thai people. A fluidity is found in the movement of this Buddha. Its appearance is both light and serene. Its oval-shaped head, perfectly arched semicircular eyebrows extended by a long aquiline nose, its curly hair topped with a long flame (unîsa) (Sinhala tradition), its mouth surrounded by a double line (Khmer tradition), its clothes clinging to the body are the characteristic features of the Buddhist art of Sukhothai.

Under the reign of Rama Khamheng (or Rama the Brave), a new society was formed from the Mon-Khmer heritage. This society found its administrative and social model from the Mongols. The Thai script was created and based on the Khmer cursive script, which had its distant origin in southern India. Theravada Buddhism was adopted as the state religion. Despite this, animism continued to persist, as evidenced by the cult of the spirit of the land mentioned by Rama Khamheng. He established on a hill near Sukhothai an altar dedicated to a spirit named Phra Khapung Phi, superior to all other spirits to ensure the prosperity of the kingdom. It was his responsibility to honor this cult every year. This same mindset was also seen at the beginning of the 20th century in Vietnam with the ritual ceremony of Nam Giao (Huế) celebrated by the emperor, as being the Son of Heaven, he was supposed to ask each year for the protection and blessing of Heaven for the country. (Similarly in China with the Temple of Heaven (Thiên Đàn) in Beijing).

It is not surprising to still find nowadays this tradition, this idea of the superior spirit in the Emerald Buddha (or Phra Keo Morakot), the palladium of Thailand and protector of the Chakri dynasty in the chapel of the royal palace in Bangkok. For Bernard Groslier, the parallelism is not gratuitous: the Thais belong to the primitive world of Chinese thought. Questions arise from this comparison because one cannot ignore that, similar to the Vietnamese, the Thais were part of the Cent Yue group, most of whose ethnicities were animists and belonged to the agricultural world. They were accustomed to honoring the cult of the spirits of the land, agriculture, or the village before coming under Chinese influence. Rama Khamheng succeeded in establishing diplomatic relations with Kublai Khan’s China. He encouraged the arrival and settlement of Chinese artisans in the capital. With their expertise, the kingdom of Sukhothai soon became known for its famous Sawankhalok ceramics.

Kingdom of Ayutthaya

[Return THAÏLANDE]

 

Malaisie (Mã Lai)

  • Kuala Lumpur
  • Malacca
  • Putrajava
  • Batu

[Retour PAYS DE L’ASIE DU SUD-EST]

Jardin botanique Noong Nooch (Pattaya)

Jardin botanique Noong Nooch (Pattaya)

Vườn thực vật Noong Nooch (Pattaya)

[Return THAÏLANDE]

Paris est une fête (2025)

Paris est toujours une fête

Khu phố sang trọng của Paris được thắp sáng bởi những mặt tiền của các thương hiệu lớn của Pháp và nước ngoài ở đường  Saint Honoré và quảng trường Vendôme vào dịp cuối năm 2025.

Le quartier chic de Paris est illuminé par les façades des grandes marques françaises et étrangères à la rue Saint Honoré et à la place Vendôme à l’occasion de la fin de l’année 2025.

The upscale district of Paris is illuminated by the storefronts of major French and international brands on Saint Honoré Street and Vendôme Square at the end of 2025.

2025_PARIS

[Return PARIS]

New Year Bính Ngọ

New Year Bính Ngọ (11 February 2026)

Version française
Version vietnamienne

The word “Tết” is derived from the word “tiết”, which in the Sino-Vietnamese dictionary means the bamboo stalk (or đốt tre) in the strict sense or in the broader sense the period or space of time determined according to the climate in the year. In Vietnam, there are numerous Tết such as Tết Trung Thu (or mid-autumn festival), Tết Thanh Minh (festival of the dead), Tết Đoan Ngọ (or purge festival) etc. but the most important Tết is Tết Nguyên Đán ( 節元旦) or Tết Cả in Vietnamese culture.

For the majority of Vietnamese, Tet evokes a magic period of the year when everyone forgets his or her misfortune or misery during the previous year. It is the start of the new year in the lunar calendar. Rich or poor, young or old, everyone is going to celebrate it with solemnity and cheerfulness. It is the moment to dream and to recover hope.

It is also the period when peasants let their fields take a break while hoping to have better crops next year thanks to the renewal of nourishing nature. That is why in one of the Vietnamese folk songs, the following verses are found:
  
Một năm là mười hai kỳ
Em ngồi em tính có gi` chẳng ra
Tháng giêng ăn Tết ở nhà
Tháng hai rỗi rãi quay ra nuôi tầm

Twelve months make a year,
You can count them with no difficulty.
The first month, you stay home enjoying Tet,
Free the second month, you can turn raising silk worms.
It is also the festival of friendship but above all that of the cult of ancestors and genies.

According to historians, the celebration of this festival goes back to the Han Chinese domination (i.e. in the first century of Christian era). The preparation of this festival is very meticulous and requires long days in advance. Seven days before Têt, there is the farewell ceremony to the genies of the Kitchen (Ông Táo). The latter comes back to earth on the night of the thirtieth day of the twelfth month of the lunar year. In the village, in front of each house is set up a bamboo pole (or cây nêu) possibly reaching several meters.

One finds at the top of this pole offerings, votive papers and terra cotta tablets, while at its foot there is a design of a crossbow whose point is directed toward the outside. It is an old Buddhist tradition that helps prevent demons and ghosts from entering. It is also in the village that one finds again the ambiance of festival with the preparations of Tet. It is also on this occasion that the whole family is gathered from the youngest to the oldest around the cooking pot to steam cook the sweet rice cake.

Year of the fire horse 

Tet_nouvel_an

According to writer Phạm Huỳnh, Tết is the sanctification, glorification, exaltation of family religion and ancestor worship. It’s also when the whole family, from the youngest to the oldest, gathers around the cooking pot to steam the rice cake. On this day, the whole family comes together under the eye of the ancestors, whose tablets are uncovered on the carefully cleaned and richly decorated altar. On New year’eve (or đêm giao thừa), the head of the family lights incense sticks on the altar to invite the souls of the ancestors to spend Tet with the living. It is an occasion for the head of the family to pass on to his children the tradition of the cult of ancestors and teach them the rites of the cult.

Everyone, from the youngest to the oldest takes turn to bow down before the altar, each having a moving idea about the dead and imploring their help for the realization of deep wishes. One finds on the altar during the days of Tết not only refined dishes, hand picked fruits, cakes, especially the sweet rice cake and cups of tea or water, but also branches of flowering peach tree. The latter are chosen in such a way that they bloom during the festival of Tết.

Tet is also the festival of children. They put on the most beautiful of their dresses and play together in the fireworks on the street. They receive from adults a red envelope containing a bill or a coin that would bring them luck for the whole year

As for adults, they go in procession in pagodas and try to know their future by pulling each a divinatory stick. It is also the occasion to obey certain elementary rules that all Vietnamese must know: banning bad words, toning down all quarrels, not touching broom, avoiding to be the first to show up at someone’s house on the first day of the year.

It is also the occasion to see the unicorn dance ( Múa Lân ) or the Dragon dance. This animal whose head is magnificently decorated and whose body is carried by several dancers, waves to the rhythm of the sound of drum. It is always accompanied by another smiling and portbellied dancer wearing a saffron robe (Ông Ðịa). It is the dance-combat between men and animals, between the Good and the Evil that is always ended up with the triumph of men over animals.

The festivities of Tết last for a week or even a month in certain villages. But because of the difficulties of life, it is the habit nowadays to stop working only during the first three days of the years.

Each year is symbolized by a cycle of 12 animals:

Tý, Sủu, Dần, Mẹo, Thìn, Tị, Ngọ, Mùi, Thân, Dậu, Tuất , Hợi

Rat, Buffalo, Tiger, Cat, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, Pig

From his or her birth each individual possesses an astral sign which is symbolized by the symbol animal of the year of birth.

Moreover, each symbol animal is associated with one of the five celestial elements  (Wu Xing)(ou Ngũ Hành in Vietnamese):

Thủy, Hỏa, Mộc, Kim, Thổ
Water, Fire, Wood, Metal and Earth.

chosen among the names of 10 heavenly stems grouped in pairs  (Jia, yi, Bing, ding, Wu, ji, geng,xin, ren, gui))(or Hệ Can in vietnamese  Giáp, Ất, Bính, Đinh, Mậu, Kĩ, Canh, Tân, Nhâm, Qúi: [Giáp, Ất] =Wood (Mộc), [Bính, Đinh]=Fire (Hỏa), [Mậu,Kĩ]=Earth (Thổ), [Canh, Tân]=Metal (Kim), [Nhâm,Qúi]=Water (Thủy))

That is why this year is the year of Fire horse. It only comes back every sixty years (i.e. 1906, 1966, 2026, 2086 etc.). In the Annals of our history, there were two Tets the Vietnamese people remember for a long time: it was the Tet that allowed emperor Quang Trung to reconquer our capital Hànội in 1788 against the Qing and the Tết Mậu Thân in 1968 in South Vietnam. 

For every Vietnamese, Tết is an infinitely happy period that has the advantage of being renewed every year, allowing them to live for a few days in a kind of elation and satisfaction despite the ups and downs of life. Even poor people want to have a radiant life for a new Tết like the famous poet Trần Tế Xương in his poem entitled: The New Year.

Friend, don’t think that in this Tết I’m poor!
I haven’t yet taken the money out of my safe
My chrysanthemum wine, they’re slow to bring it;
And lotus tea, the price to be debated,
For the sweet cakes, I feared they would run
In the heat, as well as the pork pies.
Too bad, let’s wait until next year
Friends, don’t think I’m poor this Tet!

   Traditions maintained in occasion of New Year 

Nouvel an Bính Ngọ

Nouvel an Bính Ngọ (11 février 2026)

Version vietnamienne

Version anglaise

Le mot «Tết»  est issu du mot « tiết » qui signifie dans le dictionnaire sino-vietnamien le tronçon  de bambou (ou đốt tre) au sens strict  ou au sens large  la période ou un espace de temps déterminé en fonction du climat dans l’année.

Au Vietnam, il existe de nombreux Tết  tels que Tết Trung Thu (ou fête de la mi -automne), Tết Thanh Minh (fête des morts), Tết Đoan Ngọ (ou fête de purge) etc. mais le Tết le plus important est Tết Nguyên Đán ( 節元旦) ou Tết Cả dans la culture vietnamienne.

C’est aussi la période où les paysans laissent reposer leurs champs tout en espérant avoir de meilleures récoltes l’année prochaine grâce au renouveau de la nature nourricière. C’est pourquoi dans l’une des chansons populaires vietnamiennes on trouve les vers suivants:

Một năm là mười hai kỳ
Em ngồi em tính có gi` chẳng ra
Tháng giêng ăn Tết ở nhà
Tháng hai rỗi rãi quay ra nuôi tầm

Une année comporte douze mois
Assis, je peux les compter sans difficultés
Au premier mois je reste à la maison pour fêter le Têt
Au deuxième mois je peux commencer avec mon temps disponible, l’élevage des vers à soie.

C’est aussi la fête de l’amitié mais surtout celle du culte des ancêtres et des génies. D’après les historiens, la célébration de cette fête remonte à l’époque de la domination chinoise des Han (au premier siècle de l’ère chrétienne). La préparation de cette fête est très minutieuse et nécessite de longs jours à l’avance. Sept jours avant le Têt, il y a la cérémonie d’adieu au génie du Foyer (Ông Táo). Celui-ci revient sur terre dans la nuit du Têt au trentième jour du douzième mois lunaire. Dans le village, devant chaque maison est dressée une perche de bambou (ou Cây Nêu) pouvant atteindre plusieurs mètres. 

On trouve sur cette perche des offrandes, des papiers votifs et des tablettes en argile cuite vibrant avec sonorité au gré du vent pour éloigner les esprits. C’est une vieille tradition bouddhique  permettant d’interdire l’accès aux démons et aux fantômes. C’est aussi dans le village qu’on retrouve l’ambiance de fête avec les préparatifs du Têt.

Selon l’écrivain Phạm Huỳnh, le Tết est la sanctification, la glorification, l’exaltation de la religion familiale et du culte des ancêtres. C’est aussi à cette occasion que toute la famille s’est réunie du plus jeune jusqu’au plus âgé autour de la marmite pour faire cuire  le gâteau de riz à la vapeur.  Elle se retrouve ce jour-là au grand complet sous l’œil des ancêtres dont les tablettes sont découvertes sur l’autel  nettoyé  avec soin et richement décoré. La veille du nouvel an (ou đêm giao thừa), le chef de famille allume les bâtonnets d’encens sur l’autel pour inviter les âmes des ancêtres à venir passer le Têt avec les vivants.

C’est une occasion pour le chef de famille de transmettre à ses enfants la tradition du culte des ancêtres et de leur apprendre les rites du culte. Tout le monde, du plus jeune jusqu’au plus âgé se relaie pour se prosterner devant l’autel, en ayant chacun une pensée émue pour les défunts et en implorant leur aide pour la réalisation de vœux profonds. On trouve non seulement durant les jours du Têt, sur l’autel, tous les plats raffinés, des fruits triés sur le volet, des gâteaux, en particulier le gâteau de riz gluant et des tasses de thé ou d’eau mais aussi les branches de pêchers (au nord Vietnam)  ou de cerisiers (au sud Vietnam)  en fleurs. Celles-ci sont choisies de manière que les fleurs éclosent durant les fêtes du Têt. Des présents apportés par les enfants  aux mânes des ancêtres  sont  aussi visibles sur l’autel pour faciliter leurs besoins dans l’autre vie. Le Têt n’est pas seulement la fête des vivants mais il est aussi la fête des morts. C’est aussi durant les trois premiers jours du Tết que ces derniers participent activement à la vie de leur famille et de leurs descendants. On les invoque aux deux principaux repas deux fois par jour. La fin du troisième jour, les mânes sont censés retourner dans l’autre monde et continuent à étendre sur les descendants les bienfaits de leur protection.

Le Tết est aussi le moment de faire revivre une vieille tradition culturelle. On voit apparaître dans des endroits publics un grand nombre de lettrés des temps modernes (ou des maîtres calligraphes). Ils sont prêts à faire des traits artistiques dans l’écriture comme le  vol du dragon et la danse de phénix à l’encre de Chine sur les papiers d’un rouge  vermillon étalés sur les trottoirs  avec leur tour de main. Cela permet à ceux qui les leur demandent  parmi les passants de pouvoir les exposer devant leur maison et de rendre cette dernière encore plus belle. De telles sentences ne manquent pas d’être visibles autour des portes des maisons ou sur les colonnes d’une pagode ou d’un temple:

Thịt mỡ dưa hành câu đối đỏ
Cây nêu tràng pháo bánh chưng xanh

Viande grasse, légumes salés, sentences parallèles rouges
Mâts du Tết, chapelets de pétards, gâteaux de riz du nouvel an.

Ou

Thiên tăng tuế nguyệt nhân tăng thọ
Xuân mãn càn khôn, phúc mãn đường

Du moment que le ciel a encore des mois et des années, vous vivez encore plus longtemps
Du moment que le printemps arrive de nouveau sur terre, votre maisonnée est inondée de nouveau  de bonheur.

Ou

Niên niên tăng phú qúi
Nhật nhật thọ vinh hoa.

Que les richesses s’accumulent au fil des années
Que la gloire et le bonheur vous comblent  au fil des jours.

Le Têt est aussi la fête des enfants. Ceux-ci sont parés de leurs plus beaux habits et s’amusent ensemble aux pétards dans les rues. Ils reçoivent des adultes une enveloppe rouge contenant un billet ou une pièce de monnaie qui leur porte chance durant toute l’année.  Quand aux adultes, ils se rendent en procession dans les pagodes et essaient de connaître leur avenir en tirant chacun une baguette divinatoire. C’est aussi l’occasion de respecter certaines règles élémentaires que tout Vietnamien doit savoir: bannir les gros mots, mettre en sourdine toutes les querelles, ne pas toucher au balai, éviter de se présenter chez quelqu’un le premier jour de l’année etc… durant toute l’année. C’est aussi l’occasion de voir la danse de la licorne (Múa Lân) ou la danse du Dragon. Cet animal dont la tête est  décorée magnifiquement et dont le corps est porté par plusieurs danseurs ondule au rythme des sons des tambourins. Il est toujours accompagné par un autre danseur hilare et ventru agitant son éventail et portant une robe de couleur safran (Ông Ðịa). C’est la danse-combat entre l’homme et l’animal, entre le Bien et le Mal qui se termine toujours par le triomphe de l’homme sur l’animal.

Les festivités du Têt se prolongent durant une semaine voire un mois dans certains villages. Mais à cause des difficultés de la vie, il est coutume de cesser de travailler seulement aujourd’hui durant les trois premiers jours de l’année.

Dans l’horoscope vietnamien,  les signes astrologiques sont au nombre de douze et ils sont symbolisés par les douze animaux suivants: Rat, Buffle, Tigre, Chat, Dragon, Serpent, Cheval, Chèvre, Singe, Coq, Chien et Cochon qui se succèdent dans un ordre très précis. Contrairement à l’astrologie occidentale, le signe astrologique n’est pas déterminé en fonction du mois de naissance mais plutôt selon l’année de naissance. Chaque individu possède un signe astrologique  qui est symbolisé par l’association de l’un de ces animaux  trouvés  dans les douze branches terrestres et l’un des cinq éléments célestes (Wu Xing)(ou Ngũ Hành en vietnamien): Thủy, Hỏa, Mộc, Kim, Thổ
Eau, Feu, Bois, Métal et Terre. Par exemple cette année est l’année du Cheval de feu (Bính Ngọ)

Le mot Bính est choisi parmi les  noms des 10 troncs célestes (ou thập thiên can en vietnamien) groupés 2 par 2 à partir du Yin et Yang et de la théorie des 5 éléments (Wuxing): Giáp, Ất, Bính, Đinh, Mậu, Kĩ, Canh, Tân, Nhâm, Qúi): [Giáp, Ất] =Bois (Mộc), [Bính, Đinh]=Feu (Hỏa), [Mậu,Kĩ]=Terre (Thổ), [Canh, Tân]=Métal (Kim),[Nhâm,Quý]=Eau (Thủy)).  Ce mot Bính appartient ainsi  à l’élément  Feu

C’est pourquoi cette année est l’année Tết Bính Ngọ (Année du Cheval de Feu ). On ne la retrouve que tous les soixante ans (càd 1906, 1966, 2026, 2086 etc.). Dans les Annales de notre histoire, il y a eu deux Tết dont les Vietnamiens se souviennent longtemps: c’est le Têt qui permit à l’empereur Quang Trung de reconquérir notre capitale Hanoï en 1788 contre les Qing et le Tết Mậu Thân en 1968 au Sud-Vietnam. 

Le Tết est pour chacun des Vietnamiens une période infiniment heureuse  qui a l’avantage de se renouveler tous les ans et qui lui permet de vivre durant quelques jours dans une sorte d’allégresse et d’avoir une satisfaction malgré les aléas de la vie. Même pauvre, on a envie d’avoir une vie radieuse pour un  nouvel Tết comme le célèbre poète Trần Tế Xương dans son poème intitulé: Le nouvel an (*)

Ami, ne croyez pas qu’en ce Tết je sois pauvre!
Je n’ai pas encore retiré l’argent de mon coffre
Mon vin de chrysanthème, on tarde à l’apporter;
Et le thé au lotus, le prix à débattre,
Pour les gâteaux sucrés, j’ai craint qu’ils ne coulent
À la chaleur, de même que les pâtés de porc.
Allons, tant pis, attendons l’an prochain
Amis, ne croyez pas qu’en ce Têt je sois pauvre!

Traditions entretenues à l’occasion du nouvel an vietnamien:

  • Tet_nouvel_an

[Return Tết Bính Ngọ]


(*) Trích ra trong quyển sách có tựa đề : Các con cò trên cánh đồng lúa. Lê Thành Khôi. Nhà Xuất Bản Gallimard.
Extrait du livre intitulé « Aigrettes sur la rizière ». Auteur Lê Thành Khôi. Connaissances de l’Orient. Gallimard.

 

Năm Ngọ nói chuyện ngựa

Parlons ensemble de Cheval

en cette année du Cheval de feu

Version française
Version anglaise
Galerie des photos

Ngựa là loại động vật mà không biết từ lúc nào bị loài người chinh phục được, nuôi dưởng và thuần hóa nó khiến nó trở thành từ đó một gia súc có lợi trong mọi cộng tác xê dịch, vận tải và chiến chinh. Nó là con vật không chỉ có sức mạnh phi thường, dẻo dai mà còn lại rất trung thành với chủ khiến nó  đựợc xem một vũ khí lợi hại trong binh mã. Những chiến công hiển hách ở đất nước ta đều có sự tham gia của ngựa. Bởi vậy vua chúa ta hay thường tri ân ngày xưa bằng cách tạc hình ngựa voi bằng đồng bằng đá cùng các quan văn quan  võ với quân sĩ để minh chứng những thời oanh liệt của dân tộc ta chống ngọai xâm. Người với ngựa như hình với bóng trong thời chinh chíến, chia sẻ gian truân cùng chung số phận. Không chỉ nữ sĩ  Đoàn Thị Điểm đã nhắc lại sự việc nầy trong « Chinh Phụ Ngâm»:

Hơi gió lạnh người rầu mặt dạn
Dòng nước sâu ngựa nản chân bon
Ôm yên gối trống đã chồn
Nằm vùng cát trắng, ngủ cồn rêu xanh

Còn Thái Thượng Hoàng Trần Thánh Tông bùi ngùi khi trở về kinh thành sau chiến thắng giặc Nguyên Mông và thấy những con ngựa đá, chân còn dính bùn ở trước ngọ môn,  phải thốt lên trong lễ hiến phu hai câu thơ như sau:

Xã  tắc hai phen bon ngựa đá
Non sông thiên cổ vững âu vàng.

Trong truyền thuyết nước ta có hai lần nhắc đến con ngựa. Lần đầu ở  trong truyền thánh Gióng tức là Phù Đổng Thiên Vương. Dưới thời ngự trị của vua Hùng Vương thứ VI thì có giặc Ân-Thương  ở  bên Tàu rất hùng mạnh xâm chiếm nước ta. Vua buộc lòng sai người đi rao khắp nơi để kiếm người tài năng ra giúp nước diệt giặc.  Lúc bấy giờ ở làng Phù Đổng tỉnh Bắc Ninh có một đứa  trẻ  còn nằm nôi, nghe sứ giả đi mộ khắp dân gian xem có ai phá được giặc thì ban cho tước lộc. Bé dậy hỏi mẹ, mẹ mới bảo rõ ràng như vậy. Thánh Gióng mới nói: « Thế thì mẹ đem nhiều cơm đến đây cho con ăn » theo lời kể trong Việt Điện U Linh. Ngài mới ăn vài chén cơm.

Mấy tháng sau ngài cao lớn lên, rồi tự ra ứng mộ. Sứ giả thấy lạ mới đem ngài về kinh sư. Theo lời thỉnh cầu của ngài, vua  mới cho người đúc một con ngựa sắt và một chiếc roi dài cũng bằng sắt. Sau khi ăn mấy nong cơm mới thổi xong, ngài mới vươn vai một cái thì ngài cao lớn hơn 10 thước rồi ngài nhảy lên lưng ngựa, cầm côn sắt mà hét lớn « Ta là thiên tướng đấy »  rồi phi thẳng ra chiến trường. Ở nơi nầy, ngài thì hoa côn, ngựa thì phun lửa, giết vô số quân địch khiến nỗi làm côn gãy và buộc lòng nhổ tre mà đánh tiếp khiến quân Ân tẩu tán khắp nơi. Sau đó ngài phóng ngựa lên núi Sốc Sơn rồi biến mất. Vua Hùng nhớ ơn mới truyền lập đền thờ ở làng Phù Đổng thuộc huyện Gia Lâm ngoài thành Hà Nội. Năm nào cũng có lễ hội để tưởng nhớ ngài cả vào ngày mùng 8 tháng 4.

Chúng ta nên nhớ lại  nước ta rất rộng lớn lúc bấy giờ tên là Văn Lang  được  giáp  tới Nam Hải  (Quảng Đông) ở phiá đông, phía tây với  Ba Thục (hay Tứ Xuyên), ở phía bắc thì tới Ðộng Ðình hồ (Hồ Nam) và phía nam với vương quốc Hồ Tôn tức là Chiêm Thành (Chămpa). Dân tộc ta là nhóm dân Bách Việt còn sống thời đó ở vùng sông Dương Tử bên Tàu.

Trong Kinh Dịch được dịch bởi giáo sư  Bùi Văn Nguyên thì tác giả có nói đến một cuộc viễn chinh quân sự được thực hiện trong vòng ba năm bởi vua hiếu chiến của nhà Ân-Thương tên là  Vũ Định (Wu Ding)  ở  vùng Ðộng Ðình Hồ  (Kinh Châu) chống lại các dân du mục, thường được gọi là  « Qủi ». Dù biết là truyền thuyết nhưng với các cuộc khai quật gần đây, các cuộc thí nghiệm ADN, thì truyền thuyết nầy không phải chuyện hoang đường mà nó nói lên có sự xung đột giữa dân tộc ta với nhà Ân. Bởi vậy nước Văn Lang không có thiết lập bất kỳ mối quan hệ thương mại nào ở thời đó với nhà Ân-Thương cả.

Lần thứ nhì, ngựa được nhắc đến trong truyên Sơn Tinh Thủy Tinh. Trong truyền thuyết nầy, vua Hùng vương thứ 18 có một người con gái là Mị Nương, sắc đẹp lạ thường. Khi đến tuổi lấy chồng, tiếng tăm của nàng lại càng vang lên ở khắp bốn phương. Nhà vua quyết định chọn cho nàng một người chồng tài giỏi. Lúc đó có hai chàng trai, thông minh và tuấn tú, tình cờ đến cùng một lúc và xin cầu  hôn  Mị Nương. Một người được gọi là Sơn Tinh, chúa của các vùng núi non cao và các rừng sâu, còn người kia là Thủy Tinh, chúa các của các sông nòi và biển cả thăm thẳm.

Băn khoăn, vua cha không biết phải chọn người nào vì cả hai đều có tài năng vô song và quyền lực vô hạn nên mới bày ra thữ thách như sau: một trăm đĩa xôi, một con voi chín ngà, một con gà trống chín cựa, một con ngựa chín hồng mao. Người nào đem đến trước  với sính lễ nầy được làm chồng của Mị Nương.

Ngày hôm sau, lúc rạng đông, Sơn Tinh đến trước với đầy đủ lễ vật và đưa người đẹp lên núi. Vừa hoang mang vừa tức giận, Thủy Tinh lao tới, dâng cao lên mực nước, quyết định vào núi bắt cóc Mị Nương. Sơn Tinh nâng núi cao hơn nữa. Thủy Tinh trổ tài năng của mình, đánh đuổi gió bão, sấm chớp làm rung chuyển cả núi rừng. Sơn Tinh giữ núi một cách vững vàng. Thủy Tinh nhờ đến thủy binh mà xông lên theo dòng nước, xông pha toàn lực. Sơn Tinh dùng các lưới sắt, cắt  đường tiếp tế,  lăn đá lấp hồn và đè bẹp  các thủy quái trôi dạt vào bờ. Chuyện nầy được kể lại trong Lĩnh Nam Chích Quái của Trần Thế Pháp dưới tên là Truyện núi Tản Viên. Cứ hàng năm cở tháng bảy tháng tám dân ở vùng chân núi nầy hay thường bị gió to nước lớn làm ruộng đồng bị thiệt hại. 

Trong sính lễ có một con ngựa chín hồng mao. Vậy nó phải là con ngựa phi thường, nó phải như thế nào mới được chọn trong sính lễ.  Cho đến giờ  thì  người xưa có nhắc đến  Ngựa Hạc (lông trắng toát), Ngựa Kim (lông trắng), Ngựa Hởi (lông trắng, bốn chân đen), Ngựa Hồng (lông màu nâu –hồng), Ngựa Tía (lông màu đỏ thắm) vân vân  vậy con ngựa chín hồng mao tức là phải có chín cái lông màu hồng, nó  phải có nên mới có ghi chú trong truyền thuyết nhưng chắc chắn nó phải hiếm hoi như ngựa hãn huyết ((mồ hôi đỏ như máu) (Hãn huyết bảo mã)) mà  được mang về  Trường An  bởi Trương Kiên vào năm -114 trước Công nguyên. Kích thước, tốc độ và sức mạnh của các con ngựa nầy  làm hài lòng vua Hán Vũ Đế vô cùng. Ngài không ngần ngại đặt cho những con ngựa này  với cái tên là « thiên mã » (tianma) (thiên mã). (thiên mã= ngựa trời). Chính vì con ngựa nầy mà Hán Vũ Đế  buộc lòng phải tổ chức cuộc thám hiểm quân sự tốn hao quá mức không chỉ về trang bị và ngựa mà còn nhân mạng nửa  để có một kết quả không đáng với khoảng ba mươi con  thiên mã và ba nghìn con ngựa giống và ngựa cái bình thường. Nói đúng ra Hán Vũ Đế  cảm thấy bị sĩ nhục trước  sự từ chối cung cấp các con ngựa  nầy để đổi lấy quà tặng của nước Đại Uyên (Daiyuan), một tiểu vương quốc  nằm ở trong thung lũng Ferghana. Con ngựa thiên mã nầy nó trở thành biểu tượng quyền lực của Hán Vũ Đế và cũng nhờ đó mới có sự ra đời của con đường tơ lụa.

Tuy là truyền thuyết nhưng chuyện Sơn Tinh Thủy Tinh cũng nói lên một phần nào lũ lụt triên miên mà dân tộc ta phải cam chịu lúc còn cư trú ở hạ  lưu sông Dương Tử (văn hóa Lương Chử) và cho đến ngày nay  ở đất nước ta.

Nói đến ngựa chúng ta cũng không quên nhắc đến « Trảm Mã Trà ». Đây là một loại trà đước chế biến từ búp trà lên men trong bao tử ngựa khiến nó  có hương vị đặc biệt và làm giảm  đi độ chát. Cách chế biến nầy  được xuất phát từ núi Vu Sơn ở  Tứ Xuyên. Để lấy được trà này, người ta  phải bỏ đói ngựa vài ngày trước. Khi đến chân núi Vu Sơn thì ngựa được người thả ra. Bị bỏ đói gặp được rừng trà xanh non thì  ngựa vội vã ăn cho tới khi no bụng. Sau đó, con ngựa bị lùa ra khe suối gần  núi. Suối ở đây  hay th ường  có lá trà rụng xuống khiến lá bị  nát mủn nên nước suối  có màu đen và được gọi là suối Ô Long. Ngựa uống nước suối xong xuôi thì được đưa trở về nơi xuất phát. Lá trà trong bụng ngựa đã ngấm đều với nước suối Ô Long và lên men sau khoảng một ngày đường đi. Lúc nầy  con ngựa mới bị giết để lấy trà trong bao tử mà làm thành một loại trà độc đáo dành bán cho giới qúi tộc. Cách chế biến nầy cũng không thua chi cách chế biến gan ngỗng ở Pháp quốc nhưng cách biến chế nầy có phần cầu kỳ và kinh dị đấy.

Ai có đến Hà Nội  thì sẽ có  dịp đến viếng thăm đền Bạch Mã. Nó tọa lạc ngày nay ở phố Hàng Buồm. Đây là một trong tứ trấn của thành Thăng Long xưa: Đền Quán Thánh (trấn giữ phía Bắc kinh thành), Đền Kim Liên (trấn giữ phía Nam kinh thành),  Đền Voi Phục (trấn giữ phía Tây kinh thành)  và Đền Bạch Mã ((trấn giữ phía Đông). Nó được xây dựng từ thế kỷ 9 để thờ thần Long Đỗ (Rốn Rồng). Khi vua Lý Thái Tổ dởi đô từ Hoa Lư về Thăng Long thì ngài  có ý đắp thành cho vững chắc nhưng lúc nào thành cũng bị sụp nên vua sai người  đi cầu khẩn thần Long Đỗ  ở đền thì thấy một  con ngựa trắng ở trong đền đi ra. Nhờ  theo vết chân của ngựa, vua mới xây được  thành  vững  chắc.  Vua Lý Thái Tổ mới  phong thần làm thành hoàng của kinh thành Thăng Long.

Trong sách chữ Hán lại có câu: « Hồ Mã tê Bắc phong; Việt điểu sào Nam chi » có nghĩa là: Ngựa đất Hồ vào miền Trung nguyên thấy gió bắc thổi thì hí lên còn chim đất Việt vào miền Trung nguyên vẫn làm tổ ở cành phía Nam. Theo truyền thuyết thì ngoài lễ  sính vật như vàng ngọc châu báu, voi, tê giác,  Hùng Vương còn  biếu  cho vua Tàu một con bạch trĩ.  Con nầy  đựợc  nuôi trong vườn thượng uyển. Lúc nào nó cũng kiếm đậu ở các cành cây hướng về phía nam.  Bởi vậy mới có thành ngữ  « Chim Việt đậu cành Nam » để ám chỉ  người Việt dù ở nơi nào đi nữa lúc nào cũng nhớ quê hương và nước non. Còn con ngựa Hồ, đây là một phẩm cống mà Hán Vũ Đế  nhận được từ nước Hồ nằm phía bắc Trung Hoa. Nó cứ buồn rầu không ăn uống chi cả chỉ khi có gió bắc thì nó hí lên một cách thảm thiết.

Như ta được biết ngựa rất trung thành với chủ nhân cũng như chó. Bởi vậy ở Việt Nam nơi nào có chùa của người Hoa thì có thờ  Quan Vũ, một vị tướng nổi tiếng thời Tam Quốc thì bên cạnh ông luôn luôn có một con ngựa đựợc tạc tượng tên lả Xích Thố. Con ngựa nầy theo ông lập nhiều chiến công. Đến khi  Quan Vũ bị giết, con ngựa Xich Thố  này bỏ ăn rồi chết theo. Từ nay ngựa Xích Thố trong văn hóa dân gian lại gắn liền với hình tượng nhân vật Quan Vũ (Quan Công). 

Mỗi năm được tượng trưng bởi một con vật trong Âm lịch nước ta. Như vây năm 2026  là năm con ngựa (hay Ngọ) được chọn trong 12 con vật. Theo thuật số  thì có 4 con vật  xung khắc với nhau  trong các năm tuổi như đã quy đinh trong câu: « Tý Ngọ Mẹo  Dậu tứ hành xung ». Như vậy ai mà tuổi ngọ năm nay  là cái tuổi  đang nhiều vận hạn  mà còn xung khắc với các năm Mẹo, Dậu và Tý.

Ở Việt Nam nhất là ở trong Nam hay thường dung chữ «ngựa » để ám chỉ các phụ nữ  hư thân mất nết hay dữ tợn, lúc nào cũng lồng lên như ngựa thượng tứ. Ngựa nầy xuất phát từ cửa Thượng Tứ ở Huế, nơi có cái trại nuôi ngựa của hoàng gia.  Ngựa nuôi ở đây là loại ngựa chiến, rất dữ tợn, lúc nào rừng rực nhất là với mùa hứng tình lồng lộn ưa hí. Bởi vậy mới có sự kết hợp giữa từ đĩ của miền Bắc và từ ngựa Thượng Tứ ở miền Trung để rồi trở thành từ đó cái thói quen, lối chưởi của  người miền Nam đế  nói lên sự khinh miệt đối với các phụ nữ mất nết na thùy mị và đoan trang.

Version française

Le cheval est un animal dont on ne sait pas depuis quand il a été conquis, élevé et domestiqué par l’homme, ce qui en a fait depuis lors un bétail utile dans tous les types de déplacement, de transport et de guerre. C’est un animal non seulement fort et résistant, mais aussi très fidèle à son maître, ce qui en fait une arme redoutable dans la cavalerie. De nombreuses victoires glorieuses de notre pays ont été remportées grâce aux chevaux. C’est pourquoi nos rois ont souvent rendu hommage au passé en sculptant des chevaux et des éléphants en bronze ou en pierre ainsi que des mandarins et des soldats civils et militaires, pour commémorer les périodes glorieuses de la résistance de notre nation contre les envahisseurs étrangers. 

L’homme et le cheval sont inséparables en temps de guerre, partageant les difficultés et le même destin. La poétesse Đoàn Thị Điểm a rappelé cet événement dans « Chinh Phụ Ngâm (La complainte de la femme d’un guerrier) » comme suit:

Le souffle du vent froid  froisse le visage impassible
Dans l’eau profonde, le cheval découragé peine à s’avancer.
S’appuyant sur un coussin vide avec la selle posée dessus, il a été épuisé.
Couché  sur les dunes de sable blanc, il dort au milieu de monticules verdoyants et moussus.

Étant de  retour dans la capitale après sa victoire contre  les envahisseurs mongols et voyant les chevaux de pierre aux sabots couverts de boue devant la porte Ngọ Môn, l’empereur émérite Trần Thánh Tông s’exclama dans les deux vers suivants lors de la cérémonie d’offrande :

La nation a été ballottée deux fois par des chevaux de pierre,
Les montagnes et les rivières resteront inébranlables pour l’éternité.

Dans les légendes vietnamiennes, les chevaux sont mentionnés à deux reprises. La première fois, c’est dans la légende de Saint Gióng, également connu sous le nom de Phù Đổng Thiên Vương. Sous le règne du roi Hùng Vương VI, les puissants envahisseurs Yin-Shang venus de Chine déferlèrent sur leterritoire vietnamien. Le roi fut contraint d’envoyer des messagers à travers le pays afin de recruter des personnes talentueuses capables d’aider la nation à repousser les envahisseurs. À cette époque, dans le village de Phù Đổng de la province de Bắc Ninh, un bébé, encore dans son berceau, entendit les messagers parcourir le pays, recrutant des hommes pour voir si quelqu’un pourrait vaincre les envahisseurs, et leur promettant titres et récompenses. Le bébé se réveilla et interrogea sa mère, qui lui expliqua la situation. 

Selon le récit du Việt Điển U Linh, saint Gióng dit : « Mère, apporte-moi du riz en abondance. » Il n’en mangea que quelques bols. Quelques mois plus tard, il grandit et se porta volontaire pour la guerre. Surpris, le messager le conduisit à la capitale. À sa demande, le roi fit forger un cheval de fer et un long fouet. Après avoir mangé plusieurs paniers de riz fraîchement cuit, il  s’étira et grandit jusqu’à atteindre plus de dix mètres. Puis il sauta alors sur le dos du cheval. En s’emparant du fouet, il cria : « Je suis un général céleste ! » et il galopa droit vers le champ de bataille.

Là, il brandit son fouet et il tua ainsi d’innombrables soldats ennemis  avec son cheval crachant du feu,. Son bâton se brisa,  ce qui l’obligea à déraciner des bambous pour poursuivre le combat et  il dispersa l’armée Yin dans toutes les directions. Puis, il lança le cheval vers le mont Sóc Sơn et il disparut. En se souvenant de sa bravoure, le roi Hùng ordonna la construction d’un temple dans le village de Phù Đổng, district de Gia Lâm, près de Hanoï. Chaque année, un festival est organisé en son honneur le huitième jour du quatrième mois lunaire.

Nous devons nous rappeler que notre pays était très vaste à cette époque, appelé Văn Lang, bordé à l’est par la mer du Sud (Guangdong), à l’ouest par Ba Thục (ou Sichuan), au nord par le lac Dongting (Hunan) et au sud par le royaume de Hồ Tôn, c’est-à-dire Chiêm Thành (Chămpa). Notre peuple appartenait au groupe ethnique Bai Yue, encore vivant à cette époque dans la région du fleuve Yangtsé en Chine.

Dans le Livre des Mutations traduit par le professeur Bùi Văn Nguyên, l’auteur parle d’une expédition militaire menée pendant trois ans par le roi belliqueux de la dynastie Yin-Shang nommé Wu Ding dans la région du lac Dongting (Jingzhou) contre des peuples nomades, souvent appelés « Qủi ». Bien que ce soit une légende, grâce aux récentes fouilles archéologiques et aux tests ADN, cette légende n’est pas une fable mais témoigne d’un conflit entre notre peuple et la dynastie Yin. C’est pourquoi le royaume de Văn Lang n’a établi aucune relation commerciale avec la dynastie Yin-Shang à cette époque.
La deuxième fois, le cheval est mentionné dans la légende de Sơn Tinh et Thủy Tinh. Dans cette légende, le 18ème roi Hùng a une fille nommée Mị Nương, d’une beauté exceptionnelle. À l’âge de se marier, sa renommée s’étend dans toutes les directions. Le roi décide de lui choisir un mari talentueux. À ce moment-là, deux jeunes hommes, intelligents et beaux, arrivent par hasard en même temps et demandent la main de Mị Nương. L’un est appelé Sơn Tinh, seigneur des montagnes et des forêts profondes, et l’autre est Thủy Tinh, seigneur des rivières et des vastes océans.

Après trois jours et trois nuits,  Thủy Tinh  battu davantage chaque jour, fut obligé de retirer ses troupes et ramener les flots. Pour assurer sa tranquillité Sơn Tinh opéra le miracle d’élever les deux montagnes des époux au plus haut dans l’endroit  des demeures des Dieux. Plus tard, le peuple les appellera Montagne du Monsieur et Montagne de la Dame, au pied desquelles un temple fut dédié à Sơn Tinh et à Mị Nương. Cette légende a été rapportée dans l’ouvrage intitulé   » Lĩnh Nam Chích Quái (ou les contes étranges à Lĩnh Nam) » de Trần Thế Pháp sous  le nom du titre « Histoire de la montagne Tản Viên ». Tous les ans vers le mois de juillet ou Août, les habitants vivant au pied de cette montagne ont l’habitude de subir le vent puissant et violent et la grande inondation provoquant ainsi des dégâts importants au niveau de la récolte. 

Dans la dot, il y avait un cheval aux neuf crins roses. Il devait donc être un cheval exceptionnel, il fallait qu’il soit ainsi pour être choisi dans la dot. Jusqu’à présent, les anciens ont mentionné le Cheval Grue (robe et crinière toute blanche), le Cheval Or (robe blanche), le Cheval Hởi (robe blanche, quatre pattes noires), le Cheval Rose (robe de couleur brun-rose), le Cheval Pourpre (robe de couleur rouge vif), etc. Ainsi, le cheval aux neuf crins roses signifie qu’il doit posséder neuf crins de couleur rose. Il devait en avoir ainsi pour être signalé  dans la légende, mais il est certain qu’il devait être rare comme le cheval suant du sang (Hãn huyết bảo mã) que  Zhang Qian ramena à Chang An en l’an 114 avant J.-C. La taille, la vitesse et la force de ces chevaux contentèrent énormément l’empereur Han Wudi. Il n’hésita pas à donner à ces chevaux le nom de « tianma » (cheval céleste). (tianma = cheval du ciel). C’est à cause de ce cheval que l’empereur Han Wudi fut contraint d’organiser une expédition militaire extrêmement coûteuse, non seulement en équipement et en chevaux, mais aussi en vies humaines, pour un résultat qui ne valait pas la peine, avec environ trente chevaux célestes et trois mille chevaux reproducteurs et juments ordinaires. En réalité, l’empereur Han Wudi se sentit humilié par le refus de fournir ces chevaux en échange de cadeaux du royaume de Daiyuan, un petit royaume situé dans la vallée de Ferghana. Ce cheval céleste devint un symbole de pouvoir pour l’empereur Han Wudi et c’est grâce à lui que la route de la soie vit le jour.

En parlant des chevaux, nous ne pouvons pas oublier de mentionner le « Trảm Mã Trà (décapiter le cheval pour l’obtention du thé) ». C’est un type de thé fabriqué à partir de bourgeons de thé fermentés dans l’estomac d’un cheval, ce qui lui confère une saveur particulière  réduisant ainsi l’astringence. Cette méthode de préparation provient de la  montagne Wushan (Vũ Sơn) dans le Sichuan. Pour obtenir ce thé, on doit affamer le cheval durant quelques jours au préalable. Arrivés au pied de la montagne Wushan, le cheval est relâché par les hommes. Affamé, il se précipite pour manger les jeunes feuilles de thé vert jusqu’à  ce qu’il soit rassasié. Ensuite, le cheval est conduit vers un ruisseau près de la montagne. Ce ruisseau contient souvent des feuilles de thé tombées qui se désagrègent et donnent à l’eau une couleur noire. Ce ruisseau est  connu sous le nom  » Ô Long« . Après avoir bu cette eau, le cheval est ramené à son point de départ. Les feuilles de thé dans l’estomac du cheval ont absorbé l’eau du ruisseau Ô Long et ont fermenté pendant environ une journée de voyage. C’est alors que le cheval est abattu pour récupérer le thé dans son estomac. Ce thé est transformé en un thé unique destiné à la vente aux nobles. Cette méthode de préparation n’est pas moins raffinée que celle du foie gras en France, mais elle est quelque peu complexe et macabre.

Quiconque visite Hanoï aura l’occasion de découvrir le temple Bạch Mã (Cheval Blanc), situé aujourd’hui à la rue Hàng Buồm (Rue des voiles). Il fait partie des quatre temples gardiens de l’ancienne citadelle de Thăng Long: le temple Quan Thánh (gardien du nord de la citadelle), le temple Kim Liên (gardien du sud), le temple Voi Phục (gardien de l’Ouest) et le temple Bạch Mã (gardien de l’Est). Il fut construit au IXème siècle en l’honneur du génie  Long Đỗ (Nom du Dragon).

Lors du transfert de la capitale de Hoa Lư à Thăng Long, le roi Lý Thái Tổ souhaita y bâtir une citadelle imprenable mais celle-ci s’effondrait sans cesse. Il envoya alors des hommes d’aller  prier le génie Long Đỗ au temple. Ils y virent l’apparition  d’un cheval blanc. En suivant ses empreintes laissées par cet équidé dans sa marche, ils réussirent à édifier solidement la citadelle. Lý Thái Tổ conféra désormais  à ce génie le titre de dieu tutélaire de Thăng Long.

Dans les livres en caractères chinois, il y a une phrase : « Hồ Mã tê Bắc phong ; Việt điểu sào Nam chi » qui signifie : Le cheval du pays des Hồ, arrivé dans la plaine centrale, hennit quand il sent le vent du nord  tandis que l’oiseau du pays  des Vietnamiens se trouvant dans la même plaine, fait toujours son nid sur la branche du sud. Selon la légende, en plus des offrandes comme l’or, les bijoux précieux, les éléphants et les rhinocéros, le roi Hùng a également offert au roi chinois un faisan blanc. Ce dernier était élevé dans un jardin impérial. Il cherchait toujours à se percher sur les branches orientées vers le sud. C’est ainsi qu’est née l’expression « L’oiseau des Vietnamiens se perche sur la branche du sud »  faisant référence au fait que les Vietnamiens  où qu’ils soient, n’oublient jamais leur pays natal et leur patrie. Quant au cheval des Hồ, il s’agit bien  d’un tribut que l’empereur Han Wudi a reçu du royaume des Hồ, situé au nord de la Chine. Cet équidé triste, ne mangeait rien, et ne hennissait que d’une manière lamentable lorsqu’il y avait le souffle du vent venant du nord.

Comme chacun sait, le cheval est aussi fidèle à son  propriétaire comme le chien. C’est pourquoi, au Vietnam, à proximité de chaque temple chinois, se dresse toujours une statue de Guan Yu, le célèbre général de l’époque des Trois Royaumes. Son cheval nommé Xích Thố, l’accompagna dans de nombreuses victoires. À la mort de Guan Yu, le cheval Xích Thố cessa de s’alimenter et mourut avec lui. Dès lors, dans le folklore, le cheval Xích Thố  fut associé à l’image de Guan Yu (Guan Gong).

Dans le calendrier lunaire vietnamien, chaque année est symbolisée par un animal. Ainsi, 2026 est l’année du Cheval (ou Ngọ), choisie parmi les douze animaux. Selon la numérologie, quatre animaux sont en conflit au cours des années zodiacales, comme l’indique le proverbe : « Tý, Ngọ, Mẹo, Dậu sont  les quatre animaux antagonistes (Rat, Cheval, Chat, Coq). » Par conséquent, les personnes nées sous  l’année du Cheval connaissent de nombreux malheurs et sont également en conflit avec les années des animaux Mẹo (Chat), Dậu (Coq) et (Rat).

Au Vietnam, surtout dans le sud, on utilise souvent le mot « cheval » pour désigner les femmes débauchées, sans morale ou méchantes, toujours en colère comme un cheval de Thượng Tứ. Ce cheval vient de la porte Thượng Tứ à Huế, où se trouvait un lieu d’élevage de chevaux de la royauté. Ceux-ci sont des chevaux de guerre, très féroces, toujours les plus excités surtout pendant la saison des amours où ils hennissent bruyamment. C’est pourquoi il y a une combinaison entre le mot « prostituée » du Nord et le mot « cheval de Thượng Tứ » du Centre, qui est devenue ainsi cette habitude, cette manière d’insulter des gens du Sud pour exprimer leur mépris envers les femmes sans morale.

Version anglaise

The horse is an animal whose conquest, breeding, and domestication by man are of unknown antiquity, which has since made it a useful beast for all kinds of travel, transport, and war. It is an animal not only strong and hardy, but also very loyal to its master, which makes it a formidable weapon in the cavalry. Many of our country’s glorious victories were won thanks to horses. That is why our kings often paid tribute to the past by sculpting horses and elephants in bronze or stone as well as mandarins and civil and military soldiers, to commemorate the glorious periods of our nation’s resistance against foreign invaders.

Man and horse are inseparable in wartime, sharing hardships and the same fate. The poet Đoàn Thị Điểm recalled this event in “Chinh Phụ Ngâm (The Lament of the Soldier’s Wife)” as follows:

The breath of the cold wind wrinkles the impassive face
In the deep water, the discouraged horse struggles to move forward.
Leaning on an empty cushion with the saddle placed on it, it is exhausted.
Lying on the white sand dunes, it sleeps amid verdant, mossy mounds.

Back in the capital after his victory against the Mongol invaders and seeing the stone horses with mud-covered hooves in front of the Ngọ Môn gate, the retired emperor Trần Thánh Tông exclaimed the following two lines during the offering ceremony:

The nation has been tossed twice by stone horses,
The mountains and rivers will remain unshakable for eternity.

In Vietnamese legends, horses are mentioned twice. The first time is in the legend of Saint Gióng, also known as Phù Đổng Thiên Vương. During the reign of King Hùng Vương VI, the powerful Yin-Shang invaders from China swept over Vietnamese territory. The king was forced to send messengers throughout the country to recruit talented people capable of helping the nation repel the invaders. At that time, in the village of Phù Đổng in Bắc Ninh province, a baby, still in his cradle, heard the messengers traveling the country, recruiting men to see if anyone could defeat the invaders, and promising them titles and rewards. The baby woke and questioned his mother, who explained the situation to him.

According to the account in Việt Điển U Linh, Saint Gióng said: « Mother, bring me abundant rice. » He ate only a few bowls. A few months later, he grew up and volunteered for the war. Surprised, the messenger took him to the capital. At his request, the king had an iron horse and a long whip forged. After eating several baskets of freshly cooked rice, he stretched and grew until he reached more than ten meters. Then he jumped onto the horse’s back. Seizing the whip, he cried, « I am a celestial general! » and he galloped straight toward the battlefield.

There, he brandished his whip and thus killed countless enemy soldiers with his horse spitting fire. His staff broke, which forced him to uproot bamboos to continue the fight and he scattered the Yin army in all directions. Then, he sent the horse toward Sóc Sơn Mountain and disappeared. In remembrance of his bravery, King Hùng ordered the construction of a temple in the village of Phù Đổng, Gia Lâm district, near Hanoi. Each year, a festival is held in his honor on the eighth day of the fourth lunar month.

We must remember that our country was very vast at that time, called Văn Lang, bordered on the east by the South Sea (Guangdong), on the west by Ba Thục (or Sichuan), to the north by Dongting Lake (Hunan) and to the south by the kingdom of Hồ Tôn, that is Chiêm Thành (Chămpa). Our people belonged to the Bai Yue ethnic group, still living at that time in the Yangtze River region of China.

In the Book of Changes translated by Professor Bùi Văn Nguyên, the author speaks of a military expedition lasting three years led by the warlike king of the Yin-Shang dynasty named Wu Ding in the Dongting Lake (Jingzhou) region against nomadic peoples, often called « Qủi« . Although it is a legend, thanks to recent archaeological excavations and DNA tests, this legend is not a fable but attests to a conflict between our people and the Yin dynasty. That is why the kingdom of Văn Lang established no commercial relations with the Yin-Shang dynasty at that time.

The second time, the horse is mentioned in the legend of Sơn Tinh and Thủy Tinh. In this legend, the 18th King Hùng has a daughter named Mị Nương, of exceptional beauty. At marriageable age, her renown spreads in all directions. The king decides to choose a talented husband for her. At that moment, two young men, intelligent and handsome, happen to arrive at the same time and ask for Mị Nương’s hand. One is called Sơn Tinh, lord of the mountains and deep forests, and the other is Thủy Tinh, lord of the rivers and vast oceans.

After three days and three nights, Thủy Tinh, beaten more each day, was forced to withdraw his troops and bring back the floods. To ensure his peace, Sơn Tinh performed the miracle of raising the two husband-and-wife mountains to the highest place among the abodes of the Gods. Later, the people would call them the Mister Mountain and the Miss Mountain, at the foot of which a temple was dedicated to Sơn Tinh and Mị Nương. This legend was recorded in the work entitled « Lĩnh Nam Chích Quái (or the strange tales of Lĩnh Nam) » by Trần Thế Pháp under the title « The Story of Tản Viên Mountain« . Every year around July or August, the inhabitants living at the foot of this mountain are accustomed to enduring powerful and violent winds and great flooding, thus causing significant damage to the crops.

In the dowry, there was a horse with nine pink manes. It therefore had to be an exceptional horse; it had to be like that to be chosen as part of the dowry. To this day, the elders have mentioned the Crane Horse (coat and mane all white), the Gold Horse (white coat), the Hởi Horse (white coat, four black legs), the Pink Horse (brown-pink colored coat), the Purple Horse (bright red colored coat), etc. Thus, the horse with nine pink manes means that it must have nine manes of pink color.

He must have been such to be noted in legend, but it is certain that he must have been rare like the blood-sweating horse (Hãn huyết bảo mã) that Zhang Qian brought back to Chang’an in 114 BC. The size, speed and strength of these horses greatly pleased Emperor Han Wudi. He did not hesitate to give these horses the name « tianma » (heavenly horse). (tianma = horse of the sky). It was because of this horse that Emperor Han Wudi was forced to organize an extremely costly military expedition, not only in equipment and horses, but also in human lives, for a result that was not worth it, with about thirty heavenly horses and three thousand breeding stallions and ordinary mares. In reality, Emperor Han Wudi felt humiliated by the refusal to provide these horses in exchange for gifts from the kingdom of Dayuan, a small kingdom located in the Ferghana valley. This heavenly horse became a symbol of power for Emperor Han Wudi and it is thanks to it that the Silk Road came into being.

Speaking of horses, we cannot forget to mention « Trảm Mã Trà (decapitate the horse to obtain the tea). » It is a type of tea made from tea buds fermented in the stomach of a horse, which gives it a particular flavor that reduces astringency. This preparation method comes from Wushan (Vũ Sơn) mountain in Sichuan. To obtain this tea, the horse must be starved for a few days beforehand. Upon reaching the foot of Wushan mountain, the horse is released by the men. Hungry, it rushes to eat the young green tea leaves until it is full. Then the horse is led to a stream near the mountain. This stream often contains fallen tea leaves that break down and give the water a black color. This stream is known as « Ô Long. » After drinking this water, the horse is returned to its starting point. The tea leaves in the horse’s stomach have absorbed the water from the Ô Long stream and fermented during about a day’s travel. It is then that the horse is slaughtered to retrieve the tea from its stomach. This tea is processed into a unique tea intended for sale to nobles. This preparation method is no less refined than foie gras in France, but it is somewhat complex and macabre.

Anyone who visits Hanoi will have the opportunity to discover the Bạch Mã (White Horse) Temple, now located on Hàng Buồm Street (Sail Street). It is one of the four guardian temples of the former citadel of Thăng Long: the Quan Thánh Temple (guardian of the north of the citadel), the Kim Liên Temple (guardian of the south), the Voi Phục Temple (guardian of the west) and the Bạch Mã Temple (guardian of the east). It was built in the 9th century in honor of the spirit Long Đỗ (Dragon’s Name).

When the capital was moved from Hoa Lư to Thăng Long, King Lý Thái Tổ wished to build an impregnable citadel but it kept collapsing. He then sent men to pray to the spirit Long Đỗ at the temple. They saw the appearance of a white horse. By following the footprints left by this animal as it walked, they succeeded in solidly erecting the citadel. Lý Thái Tổ thereafter conferred on this spirit the title of tutelary deity of Thăng Long.

In books written in Chinese characters, there is a sentence: « Hồ Mã tê Bắc phong; Việt điểu sào Nam chi » which means: The horse of the land of Hồ, arriving on the central plain, neighs when it feels the north wind, while the bird of the land of the Vietnamese, being on the same plain, always builds its nest on the southern branch. According to legend, in addition to offerings such as gold, precious jewels, elephants and rhinoceroses, King Hùng also gave the Chinese king a white pheasant. The latter was raised in an imperial garden. It always sought to perch on branches facing south. Thus was born the expression « The bird of the Vietnamese perches on the southern branch » referring to the fact that the Vietnamese, wherever they are, never forget their native land and homeland. As for the horse of the Hồ, it was indeed a tribute that Emperor Han Wudi received from the kingdom of Hồ, located north of China. This sorrowful steed ate nothing, and only neighed in a lamentable way when there was the breath of wind coming from the north.

As everyone knows, the horse is as loyal to its owner as the dog. That is why, in Vietnam, near every Chinese temple, there is always a statue of Guan Yu, the famous general from the Three Kingdoms era. His horse named Xích Thố accompanied him in many victories. At Guan Yu’s death, the horse Xích Thố stopped eating and died with him. Since then, in folklore, the horse Xích Thố has been associated with the image of Guan Yu (Guan Gong).

In the Vietnamese lunar calendar, each year is symbolized by an animal. Thus, 2026 is the Year of the Horse (or Ngọ), chosen among the twelve animals. According to numerology, four animals are in conflict during the zodiac years, as the proverb indicates: « Tý, Ngọ, Mẹo, Dậu are the four antagonistic animals (Rat, Horse, Cat, Rooster). » Therefore, people born in the Year of the Horse experience many misfortunes and are also in conflict with the years of the animals Mẹo (Cat), Dậu (Rooster) and Tý (Rat).

In Vietnam, especially in the South, the word « horse » is often used to refer to dissolute, immoral, or mean women, always angry like a Thượng Tứ horse. This horse comes from the Thượng Tứ gate in Huế, where there was a royal horse breeding farm. These are war horses, very fierce, always the most excited especially during the mating season when they neigh loudly. That is why there is a combination between the word « prostitute » from the North and the word « Thượng Tứ horse » from the Central region, which has thus become this habit, this way of insulting people from the South to express their contempt for immoral women.

Galerie des photos

[Return TET BÍNH NGỌ]