La pagode du Maître (Chùa Thầy)

 

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 Cách trung tâm Hà Nội khoảng 20 cây số, chùa Thầy  tọa lạc  ở chân núi Sài Sơn, huyện Quốc Oai, xã Sài Sơn và được xây dựng từ thời nhà Đinh. Chùa nầy là một trong ba chủa nổi tiếng nhất ở đất Hà Thành mà còn là chủa có liên quan mật thiết đến quãng đời sau cùng của thiền sư Từ Đạo Hạnh. Ông  thuộc thế hệ thứ 12 của  dòng Thiền Ti-ni-đa-lưu-chi (Vinitaruci) và còn được xem là tiêu biểu cho khuynh hướng Mật Tông qua những pháp thuật.  Ông là  thủy tổ múa rối nước. Vốn ưa thích múa hát, ông đã dạy dân hát chèo, sáng tạo nên trò múa rối nầy  và truyền dạy cho dân chúng. Chính ở giữa hồ Long Trì mà ngày lễ hội thường  thấy ở thủy đình có trò múa rối nước.

 

Từ Đạo Hạnh không những  là một thiền sư rất uyên thâm hiểu biết mà còn là một danh nhân văn hóa. Chính vì vậy công lao của ông đóng góp với  đất nước và dân gian rất lớn  duới triều Lý cho nên ông được dân gian biết ơn sùng kính  thường gọi ông là Thầy, là Thánh hay Phật. Cuộc đời của ông cũng không thiếu màu sắc huyền thoại từ việc  hóa thân thành con trai của Sùng Hiền hầu là Lý Dương Hoán, chính là vua  Lý Thần Tông sau này  đến  cái chết của ông được dân chúng thần thánh hóa trở thành cái chết đẹp và để trở thành người khác với cuộc sống mới   qua bài kệ thi tịch  của ông:

Thu lai bất báo nhạn lai quy,
Lãnh tiếu nhân gian tạm phát bi.
Vị báo môn nhân hưu luyến trước,
Cổ sư kỉ độ tác kim sư.

Dịch nghĩa

Mùa thu về không báo tin cho chim nhạn cùng về,
Đáng cười người đời cứ nảy sinh buồn thương [trước cái chết].
Khuyên các môn đồ chớ có vì ta mà quyến luyến,
Thầy xưa đã bao nhiêu lần hoá thân làm thầy nay.(*)

 Ông trở thành  là người mở đầu cho dân gian  một tín ngưỡng thờ Thánh Tổ hòa trộn vào Phật giáo qua mô hình  « Tiền Phật – Hậu Thánh« . Đây cũng  là  một thể thức tôn sùng từ đó ở chùa của người dân Việt  dành cho những người có công đức hay  gần gũi và bảo trợ  dân gian. 

(*) Nguồn: Thơ văn Lý Trần (tập I), NXB Khoa học xã hội. 
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Loin du centre-ville de Hanoïi de 20 km, la pagode du Maître est située au pied de la montagne Sài Sơn dans la commune du district Quốc Oai. Celle-ci fut édifiée à l’époque de la dynastie des Đinh.  Elle est  l’une des trois  pagodes  célèbres de la capitale Hanoï mais elle est liée intimement aussi à la durée de vie restante du moine zhen Từ Đạo Hạnh. Celui-ci appartint à cette époque à la douzième génération de l’école   Vinitaruci  et il fut considéré comme le représentant du bouddhisme tantrique à travers ses pouvoirs magiques. Il est aussi le créateur du spectacle des marionnettes sur l’eau. Étant passionné pour les danses et les  chansons  traditionnelles, il a appris au peuple  le théâtre populaire  ainsi que la façon de se distraire avec  les marionnettes sur l’eau.  C’est au milieu de l’étang du Dragon que se déroule fréquemment le spectacle des marionnettes sur l’eau à l’occasion des festivités locales. 

Từ Đạo Hạnh était non seulement  un moine ayant  une profonde connaissance mais aussi un illustre personnage culturel.  C’est pour cela que ses contributions étaient énormes   pour le peuple et le pays si bien que tout le monde  exprimait sa gratitude en l’appelant souvent « Maître », « Saint » ou « Bodhisattva ». Il ne manque pas la coloration mythique dans la vie de ce moine zhen. De son incarnation dans le personnage du roi Lý Thần Tông, fils de Lý Dương Hoán jusqu’à sa mort que le peuple a mystifiée en lui donnant une belle mort et une réincarnation avec une nouvelle vie à travers son  kê (une sorte de stance bouddhique): 

Le retour de l’automne n’accompagne pas celui des hirondelles,
Je désapprouve les gens continuant à s’accrocher à  leur vie avec tristesse et douleur  devant la mort
Il est déconseillé à mes disciples de  montrer trop d’attachements émotionnels à cause de moi,
Étant l’ancien maître,  j’ai incarné tant de fois pour devenir le maître d’aujourd’hui.(*)

Il  est le premier à introduire au peuple le culte des personnages déifiés dans le bouddhisme  à travers le modèle « Devant Bouddha-Derrière les Saints ou les personnages déifiés« . C’est une forme de vénération adoptée à cette époque  par les Vietnamiens pour exprimer leur gratitude envers tous ceux qui avaient la vertu et le mérite de les protéger dans le quotidien.

(*) Source : Ly Tran Poésie et littérature (Volume I), Maison d’édition des sciences sociales.

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Far from the city center of Hanoi by 20 km, the Master’s Pagoda is located at the foot of Sài Sơn mountain in the commune of Quốc Oai district. It was built during the Đinh dynasty. It is one of the three famous pagodas of the capital Hanoi but is also closely linked to the remaining lifespan of the monk zhen Từ Đạo Hạnh. He belonged at that time to the twelfth generation of the Vinitaruci school and was considered the representative of tantric Buddhism through his magical powers. He is also the creator of the water puppet show. Passionate about traditional dances and songs, he taught the people popular theater as well as how to entertain themselves with water puppets. The water puppet show frequently takes place in the middle of the Dragon pond during local festivities.

Từ Đạo Hạnh was not only a monk with profound knowledge but also an illustrious cultural figure. That is why his contributions were enormous for the people and the country, so much so that everyone expressed their gratitude by often calling him « Master, » « Saint, » or « Bodhisattva. » The mythical coloring is not lacking in the life of this venerable monk. From his incarnation as King Lý Thần Tông, son of Lý Dương Hoán, until his death, which the people mystified by giving him a beautiful death and a reincarnation with a new life through his kê (a type of Buddhist stance):

Mùa thu về không báo tin cho chim nhạn cùng về,
Đáng cười người đời cứ nảy sinh buồn thương [trước cái chết].
Khuyên các môn đồ chớ có vì ta mà quyến luyến,
Thầy xưa đã bao nhiêu lần hoá thân làm thầy nay.(*)

The return of autumn does not accompany that of the swallows,
I disapprove of people continuing to cling to their lives with sadness and pain before death.
My disciples are advised not to show too much emotional attachment because of me,
Being the former master, I have incarnated so many times to become today’s master.(*)

He was the first to introduce to the people the worship of deified figures in Buddhism through the model « In front Buddha – Behind Saints or deified figures. » This was a form of veneration adopted at that time by the Vietnamese to express their gratitude toward all those who had the virtue and merit to protect them in daily life.

(*) Source: Ly Tran Poetry and Literature (Volume I), Social Sciences Publishing House.

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Eglise Trung Linh (Nam Định)

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Cách xa toà giám mục Bùi Chu phỏng chừng  1,5 km, nhà thờ Trung Linh  là một trong nhà thờ đẹp nhất ở Việtnam. Nhà thờ Trung Linh được xây dựng năm 1928.  Giáo xứ Trung Linh còn có sự hiện diện của nhà Mẹ của Hội Dòng Mân Côi Bùi Chu, được Đức cha Đa Minh Hồ Ngọc Cẩn thành lập năm 1946, là Hội Dòng đầu tiên của Bùi Chu được thành lập theo giáo luật. Nhờ đức tin và và đời sống đạo đức của giáo dân nơi nầy, nhà thờ Trung Linh trở thành một địa điểm sầm uất nhất cũa địa phận Bùi Chu với  chiều ngày chủ nhật cuối tháng Hoa, có tổ chức cung nghinh Đức Mẹ quanh khuôn viên Thánh Đường và hồ lớn của giáo xứ. Và cũng là nơi ưa thích của các cặp vợ chồng chụp ảnh cưới.

Trung Linh

Loin du diocèse Bùi Chu à peu près de 1,5 km,  Trung Linh est l’une des plus belles églises au Vietnam. Cette église a été édifiée en 1928. La paroisse Trung Linh abrite de plus le siège de la communauté religieuse  Mân Côi Bùi Chu que l’évêque Đa Minh Hồ Ngọc Cẩn (Giuseppe Dominique Hồ Ngọc Cẩn) a créee en 1946. C’est aussi la première communauté  religieuse de Bùi Chu établie selon la loi canonique. Grâce à la foi et la vie morale des gens locaux, l’église Trung Linh devient un lieu de rassemblement spirituel très animé du diocèse Bùi Chu où   les festivités sont organisées  en l’honneur de la Très Sainte Vierge Marie autour du lac à la soirée  dominicale de la fin de la période des fleurs. C’est aussi le lieu préféré des jeunes mariés pour la photographie.

Eglise Notre Dame de Paris (Nhà thờ Đức Bà Paris)

 

Notre Dame de Paris

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Từ một nhà thờ nhỏ bé với phong cách xưa (romane) mà đến phong cách gothique thì có một đoạn đường khá dải hơn hai thế kỷ từ  1160 đến giữa thế kỷ 14, có nhiều sửa chữa và bổ túc khiến nhà thờ nầy trở thành một kiệc tác của Paris mà không ai có thể quên khi đến tham quan Paris. Số lượng người đi xem  là 13 triệu người mỗi năm có nghĩa là hơn 30.000 du khách mỗi ngày. Nó luôn luôn đứng đầu trong danh sách các nơi tham quan ở Paris, trước tháp Eiffel  và điện Louvre. Nhà thờ nầy là một trong những nhà thờ xây dựng đầu tiên  với phong cách gothique. Phong cách nầy dựa trên các vòm mà có ở các nơi bắt tréo hình nhọn  và gân cung. Nhờ vậy trọng lượng của vòm nó không dựa trên hai trụ mà 4 trụ. Phong cách nầy đem lại không những sự  sáng sủa nhờ có nhiều cửa sổ mà còn cao vút tạo ra sự tao nhã lạ thường. Tại sao gọi gothique ? Thuật ngữ gothique dùng  bởi người La Mã để ám chỉ dân  Goth, dân mọi rợ đến từ phiá  Bắc (người Pháp thưở xưa). Nhà thờ Đức Bà được  sùng tu lại sau khi bi hỏa hoạn xảy ra vào ngày 15 Tháng tư 2019 và mở lại cho dân chúng từ cuối năm 2024. 

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Partant d’une église romane jusqu’à devenir une église gothique, il y a un long chemin à parcourir prenant plus de deux siècles, de 1160 jusqu’au milieu du 14ème  siècle.  Beaucoup de modifications et d’ajouts étant ajoutés, elle devient ainsi un chef-d’œuvre de Paris que personne ne peut oublier  lors de son passage à Paris. Le nombre de visiteurs s’élève à 13 millions par an ou plus 30.000 touristes par jour.  Elle est toujours la première sur la liste des sites touristiques à Paris devant la tour Eiffel et le musée du Louvre. 

Cette église est l’une des premières églises construites avec le style gothique. Celui-ci est basé essentiellement sur la technique de la voûte sur croisée d’ogive  (ses arcs brisés se croisent en  diagonales et s’appuient non pas sur deux piliers mais sur quatre piliers). Cette technique apporte non seulement la lumière grâce à un nombre élevé de fenêtres (vitraux)  mais aussi l’élévation et la finesse extraordinaire. Pourquoi gothique ? Ce mot est employé par les Romains pour faire allusion à des Goths,  des peuplades barbares situées dans le Nord de l’Europe (les Français d’autrefois). Notre Dame de Paris à Paris est restauré cause d’une incendie ayant eu lieu le 15 Avril 2019 et est réouvert au public à la fin de l’année 2024. 

English version

Starting from a Romanesque church to becoming a Gothic church, there is a long journey spanning more than two centuries, from 1160 until the mid-14th century. Many modifications and additions were made, thus it became a masterpiece of Paris that no one can forget when passing through Paris. The number of visitors rises to 13 million per year or more than 30,000 tourists per day. It is still the first on the list of tourist sites in Paris, ahead of the Eiffel Tower and the Louvre Museum.

This church is one of the first churches built in the Gothic style. This style is essentially based on the technique of the ribbed vault (its pointed arches cross diagonally and rest not on two pillars but on four pillars). This technique not only brings light thanks to a large number of windows (stained glass) but also extraordinary elevation and delicacy. Why Gothic? This word was used by the Romans to refer to the Goths, barbarian peoples located in Northern Europe (the French of old). Notre Dame de Paris in Paris is being restored due to a fire that occurred on April 15, 2019, and is reopening to the public at the end of 2024.

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Notre Dame de Paris

  
 

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Dâu pagoda (Chùa Dâu)

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Pagode Dâu,Vietnamese buddhism cradle

 

 Dâu pagoda  visible from its porch

 
  About 30 kilometers from Hanoï, Dâu pagoda is the most religious building in Vietnam because it was constructed in early Christian times in Dâu region known frequently during this period under the name “Lũy Lâu”. In Chinese times, Lũy Lâu was considered as the capital of Giao Châu (Giao Chi) from 111 B.C. until 106 B.C. At that time, according to Vietnamese researcher Hà Văn Tấn , the buddhist influence coming from India was accepted very early until the 5th century. Chinese governor Si Xie ( Sĩ Nhiếp in vietnamese) (177-266) also was accompagnied   in town by clerics coming from India (người Hồi) or Central asia (Trung Á) for each trip. At the end of the second century, Luy Lâu becames the first vietnamese buddhist centre  with 5 old pagodas: Dâu pagoda devoted to cloud genius  Pháp Vân (“thần mây”), pagoda Đậu to rain genius Pháp Vũ ( “thần mưa”), Tướng pagoda to thunder genius Pháp Lôi  (“thần sấm”),   Dàn pagoda to thunderbold genius Pháp Điện ( “thần chớp”) and main pagoda belonging to the mother  Man Nương of  that 4 geniuses (or Tứ Pháp in vietnamese). The Sino-Vietnamese words Dâu, Đậu, Tướng, Dàn  were preferred by the Vietnamese instead of using the names  Mây, Mưa, Sấm , Chớp (Cloud, rain, thunder and thunderbold) in close relation with the natural force found in the agricultural environment. The system based on that 4 geniuses evokes the subtle association between the buddhism  and popular beliefs coming from a  primitive society in Vietnam

Accordingly, a lot of  Indian and foreign religious such as  Ksudra (Khâu Đà Là), Ma Ha Kỳ Vực (Mahajivaca), Kang-Sen-Houci (Khương Tăng Hội), Dan Tian did not wait long to stay at Luy Lâu and to preach the Buddhist teaching. The number of monks is so important that Luy Lâu becames in just a few years later the translation centre for sutras among which was found the famous sutra Saddharmasamadhi (Pháp Hoa Tam Muội) translated by kouchan monk Cương Lương Lâu Chi (Kalasivi) in the  3th century. According to  zen  monk  Thích Nhất Hạnh, one had the tendency to believe by mistake in the past that   Indian monk Vinitaruci introduced the Vietnamese Dhyana buddhism (Thiền) at the end of 6th century. During its passage to Luy Lâu in 580, he lived in the Pháp Vân monastery belonging to the dhyana school. It was during this time that  dhyana monk Quán Duyên  was beginning to teach here  the dhyana. 

Other monks went in China for preaching the Buddhist law before the arrival of  famous monk  Bodhidharma known as  the partriach of  dhyana  school  and Chinese martial art.  By now, it is known that Kang-Sen-Houci (Khương Tăng Hội) monk coming from Sogdiana, had the merit of introducing the dhyana buddhism in Vietnam.  The Buddhism began to implant itself at Lũy Lâu via  Man Nương history  and encountered no reluctance from the Vietnamese because it accepted the  tolerance and the traditional paganism. Thích Quang Phật and and Man Nương Phật Mẫu legends attested the easyness to aggregate  popular beliefs with  the buddhism.  One can say the marriage is successful between   buddhism and popular beliefs (Mây, Mưa, Sấm, Chớp) found in the corner.  The Buddha’s birthday also was  that of 4 geniuses who became Buddhas. The mother Man Nương of these 4 geniuses was also venerated   as Avalokiteśvara. One did not hesitate to install the Buddha altar in places where these 4 geniuses have been venerated. From now on, the buddhism began to propagate longer in other regions of Tonkin.  The Vietnamese buddhism was the Mahayana and took two ways in its propagation: seaway from South Vietnam (Funan and Champa) and land way from North Vietnam via Yunan.

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Vietnamese buddhism (Phật giáo Vietnam)

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The exact date of the introduction of Buddhism to Vietnam is not known. According to the Vietnamese scholar Phan Lạc Tuyên, Indian monks came to Vietnam at the beginning of the Christian era based on the story of Chu Đồng Tử, who was initiated into Buddhism during his encounter with an Indian monk. This was also the period of the Three Kingdoms (Tam Quốc) when Vietnam was a Chinese province called Jiaozhi (Giao Châu) under the governance of Shi Xie (Sĩ Nhiếp). At that time, Vietnam belonged to the kingdom of Wu (Đông Ngô) led by Sun Quan (Tôn Quyền), whose mother, a fervent disciple, brought monks from Luy Lâu to Jianye (the capital of the kingdom of Wu), which corresponds to the current city of Nanjing (Nam Kinh), to ask them to preach and comment on Buddhist sutras.

The Buddhist center Luy Lâu became so prestigious and important that it soon attracted many famous Indian or foreign monks such as Ksudra (Khâu Đà Là), Mahajivaca (Ma Ha Kỳ Vực), Kang-Sen-Houci (Khương Tăng Hội), Dan Tian (Đàm Thiên). Being the senior monk of the Sui dynasty, the latter, upon his return to China, had the opportunity to report to Emperor Sui Wendi (Tùy Văn Đế) on the development of Vietnamese Buddhism: the province of Giao Châu had adopted Buddhism before us because, in addition to the construction of 20 pagodas, it had more than 500 monks and 15 collections of translated sutras.

This undeniably proves that Buddhism was flourishing at that time in Vietnam. It is important to recall that in the Chinese annals, there is mention of the pillaging by the Chinese army under General Lieou Fang (Lưu Phương) of the Sui dynasty (nhà Tùy). This general devastated the capital of Champa, Điển Xung (Kandapurpura), under the reign of King Sambhuvarman (Phạm Phạn Chí in Vietnamese) and took with him 1,350 Buddhist texts compiled in 564 volumes. Champa very early on promoted the establishment of Buddhism, as it was already mentioned by the famous monk Yijing (Nghĩa Tịnh) upon his return from his maritime journey in the Insulinde as one of the Southeast Asian countries that held the Buddha’s doctrine in high esteem at the end of the 7th century under the reign of Wu Ze Tian (Vũ Tắc Thiên) of the Tang dynasty (Nhà Đường).

Although Vietnam was a Chinese protectorate (from 111 BC to 931 AD), it was nevertheless the true relay between China and India. The establishment of Buddhism was very early in this country at the beginning of the Christian era because Vietnam was not only next to countries using Sanskrit for Buddhist texts such as Founan (Phù Nam) and Champa but also the mandatory passage point for Indian merchants. They needed to rest, replenish food supplies, and exchange goods (silk, spices, eaglewood, cinnamon, pepper, ivory, etc.).

At that time, India had established trade relations directly with the Middle East and indirectly with Mediterranean countries such as the Roman Empire. Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India with the centers of Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda in the coastal region of southeastern India (Andhra Pradesh). This encouraged Indian monks to accompany sailors along the coasts of Malaysia, Funan, and Vietnam with the intention of spreading the faith. That is why it can be said that Vietnamese Buddhism came directly from India with Indian monks, but in no way was it brought by the Chinese.

Vietnamese Buddhism, whose current is Mahayana, takes more into account collective salvation than individual salvation, whereas Theravada Buddhism considers salvation as the result of efforts made by the individual to achieve enlightenment and become a bodhisattva. At the beginning of its establishment, Buddhism encountered no resistance from the Vietnamese because it easily accepted their traditional paganism. It only had some simple and modest religious activities such as the veneration of the Buddha, offerings, acts of mercy, etc. Buddha was none other than Quán Thế Âm (Avalokitesvara) and Nhiên Đăng (Dipankara) because these figures protected sailors during sea voyages. The first Vietnamese Buddhist legends, Thích Quang Phật and Man Nương Phật Mẫu, also appeared at this time with the arrival of the monk Ksudra, also known as Kalacarya (the Black Master), in Vietnam.

It is through these legends that Man Nương, upon her death, became an object of worship under the name « Mother Buddha or Phật Mẫu » by the Vietnamese. These legends thus testify to the ease of integrating popular beliefs into Buddhism. Furthermore, this religion, imported early on, was under Indian influence which, according to researcher Hà Văn Tấn, lasted until the 5th century.

The Chinese governor Sĩ Nhiếp (177-266) was often accompanied in the city by religious figures coming from India (người Hồ) or Central Asia (Trung Á) on each outing. The number of foreign monks was so significant that Giao Châu became a few years later the center for translating sutras, among which was the famous Saddharmasamadhi sutra (Pháp Hoa Tam Muội) translated by the monk Chi Cương Lương Tiếp (Kalasivi) in the course of the 3rd century.

It is also important to note that in a short period of six years (542-547), King Lý Nam Đế (Lý Bí) of the early Lý dynasty succeeded in freeing Vietnam from Chinese domination and ordered the construction of the Khai Quốc pagoda (Foundation of the Nation), which today is the famous Trấn Quốc pagoda in Hanoi. According to the Zen monk Thích Nhất Hạnh, it was mistakenly believed in the past that the Indian monk Vinitaruci introduced Vietnamese dhyana Buddhism (Thiền) at the end of the 6th century. During his stay in Lũy Lâu in the year 580, he resided in the Pháp Vân monastery belonging to the dhyana school. It was also at this time that the dhyana monk Quán Duyên was teaching dhyana there. Other Vietnamese monks had gone to China to teach dhyana before the arrival of the famous monk Bodhidharma, recognized as the patriarch of the Chinese dhyana school and the patriarch of Kungfu.From now on, it is known that it was the monk Kang-Sen-Houci of Sogdian origin (Khương Tăng Hội), instead of Vinitaruci (Ti Ni Lưu Đà Chi), who deserves the credit for introducing dhyana Buddhism to Vietnam.

Vietnamese Buddhism began to flourish and reach its golden age when Vietnam succeeded in regaining independence under General Ngô Quyền. Under the Đinh, Early Lê, Lý, and Trần dynasties, Buddhism was recognized as the state religion.

[Buddhism under the Đinh, Tiền Lê, Lý, and Trần dynasties]

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Bái Đính (English version)

 

baidinh

Tràng An landscaped  complex

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Pagoda Bái Đính

Located on the karst mountain range of Tràng An in Ninh Bình, the Bái Đinh pagoda has a long history dating back several centuries. Its fame has been attested for a long time under successive dynasties: Đinh, Early Lê, and Lý. Today, it has become a religious complex where one can find not only the ancient temple but also new temples under construction since 2003. The Bái Đính pagoda is considered in Southeast Asia as the pagoda housing the gigantic bronze Buddha statue imported from Russia. It has a height of 16 meters and weighs 100 tons. The 500 white marble arhats of the pagoda are spread over approximately 2 kilometers along a corridor. This complex has a total area of 539 hectares, of which 27 hectares are attributed to the old pagoda, 80 hectares to the new temples, a Buddhist study center, reception areas, parking lots, as well as a system of lakes 

World cultural heritage of Vietnam

 

Ninh Bình (Hạ Long cạn

 

 

Being Confucianist (English version)

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Vietnamese version

Being confucianist

Vietnamese society is profoundly influenced by Confucianism that was introduced to Vietnam in the era of a long Chinese domination (111 B.C. – 939 A.D.). Therefore Vietnamese people have absorbed more or less the concepts prescribed by the wise Confucius in « The Canonical Book« . Must be done what appears on a moral viewpoint just and appropriate taking into account the Five Relations ( Ngũ Luân ) upon which rests the Vietnamese society: relation between the king and subjects, father and son, husband and wife, elder and younger brothers, friend and friend.

Thanks to this doctrine, a Vietnamese bestows great importance to his family that he always considers as a moral training ground and strongly attaches himself to the forces of the land and his ancestors.

This allows the Vietnamese society to find not only a cohesion but also a consolidation, deep roots and an efficiency to overcome foreign powers in the most difficult and crucial moments of the history of Vietnam. Society is considered on a large scale by Vietnamese as an extension of the family circle. A confucianist Vietnamese never neglects his filial piety, respect of elderly people, ideal of loyalty, friendship and honor.

In order to understand the Vietnamese soul, gentleness should be taken. Generally speaking, a Vietnamese is stripped of his aggressiveness except when someone makes him lose face, in particular his honor. Forgiveness is something very Vietnamese. Those are quintessential traits of the Vietnamese people depicted by the Vietnamese Bob Dylan Trịnh Công Sơn. Honor is one of the qualities a confucianist Vietnamese tries to conserve until the end of his life. The jade that melts can conserve its whiteness, the consumed bamboo still keeps its stem straight. Individual existence is very light compared to that of honor. Those are the sentences that sum up the state of mind of the confucianist Vietnamese.

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It is the case of general Võ Tánh who, despite the recommendations of his brother-in-law Gia Long to flee, preferred to take sacrifice in 1801 by jumping in a building full of gun powder to defend not only is honor but also the lives of his soldiers facing the powerfully equipped Tây Sơn army immobilized because of the siege at Qui Nhơn, which allowed emperor Gia Long to claim at Phú Xuân (Huế) a thunderous and decisive victory. But the one who illustrated well the confucianist Vietnamese remains the hero Trần Hưng Ðạo. One finds in this general all the qualities of a man of ren (ren includes all virtues prescribed by Confucius in the Canonical Book.

His father, Trần Liễu was the brother of King Trần Thái Tôn. The latter had no children. To consolidate and perpetuate the dynasty, the prime minister Trần Thủ Ðộ did not hesitate to force the Princess Thuận Thiên, the concubine of Trần Hung Ðạo’s father, pregnant for three months, to marry the King. Outraged, his father Trần Liễu told him at the time of agony:

If you couldn’t avenge this offense and to take the throne, I wouldn’t never happy in the land of Sources.

It challenged not the words but never took into account the recommendations of his father. However, one day, to determine the intentions of his children, he asked again their opinion about it. His younger son encouraged him to usurp the throne. He prohibited his son from seeing him until the end of his life after failing to kill this latter on the field. Very pious, he learned that his father had told him, but he tried to leave aside the personal interests to act in accordance with the interests of the nation.

His loyalty toward the king was without failure . On a beautiful day, during an excursion with the king in a jonc, having in his hand a baton whose end bore a sharp piece of metal, he did not hesitate to take it off to show the king his loyalty. It was he who reassured the king to continue the struggle against the Mongols and not to surrender by telling him: « If you want to surrender, you must first behead me ». Thanks to his courage, determination, tenacity and magnanimity, Vietnam succeeded in getting out victor two times in a row against the Mongolian army of Kubilai Khan in 1257 and 1267.

He never took advantage of his military command to grant favor to anybody. He left it to the king to take care of when he was commander in chief of the Vietnamese army. He exerted his power with equal fairness on everyone, big or small. He is perfectly close to the man of ren. It is also thanks to him that Confucianism at his time reached its highest point and thus became the sole model of organization of state and of the Vietnamese society.

In spite of that, Confucianism is blamed for keeping the people in particular women in permanent status of submissiveness and for being one of the causing factors of inertia that works largely to the advantage of the leading class and stifles enterprise spirit and any reforms needed for progress, which provoked at the beginning of 20th century serious and catastrophic consequences for Vietnam with the fall of the Nguyễn empire followed by regrettable events during the last decades.

It is not surprising to see that a man coming from this Confucian society, in particular the Vietnamese intelligentsia of today is confronted often with an insurmountable dilemma. He is always pulled between social progress and moral values of Confucianism which continues to exert a noticeable influence on his heart and mind at the moment when Vietnamese society needs reforms to be able to better adapt with economic and social mutations that are necessary for Vietnam after so many years of war. It is difficult to know today in what way socialism erected on the dogma of state, has really played a role in the current social transformation. But it is also impossible to evaluate the degree of influence of Confucianism at this time.

Today, it is up to us, as Vietnamese to find the right way and to behave with dignity so that we are not ashamed of being the « Children and Nephews of the Dragon and the Immortal », in particular those who live abroad.

 

Being Caodaïst (Tôi là người Cao Đài)

 

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We, the Caodaïsts, we must know to perfect ourselves. It is not essential for us to fast and call upon Buddha by prayers or to enter a pagoda in order to be able to attain perfection. We have the possibility of attaining it if we always have in us the three following qualities: Love, Wisdom and Will.

At birth, we already had kindness. This is why, our Ancestors were accustomed to saying:

Nhân chi sơ, tính bản thiện. Mankind is naturally good at birth.

But because of the hazards of life, the unjustified competitions and the immoderate desires which continue to monopolize us sempiternally, we thus became dishonest people, perfidious, egoistic, which makes us lose the kindness that we acquired at birth. All the Wise ones of Antiquity had had these three qualities evoked above.

To have an idea on what the individual has or not in terms of kindness, it is enough for us to observe his behavior towards his close relations. It is by this observation that we are able to know him, which had said the Chinese philosopher Jou Mencius.

Love is a quality necessary to the perfection but it cannot be complete because we need wisdom to distinguish truth from falsehood, right from wrong, good from evil. There are plenty of generous people who, in spite of their gifts offered to the construction of the pagodas in a considerable way, continue to be entangled in an inauspicious behavior because they do not manage to distinguish right from wrong. It happens that they may be badly considered sometimes compared to those who never have the occasion to take part in this generous contribution.

In Vietnam, the Lý dynasty was famous for its irreproachable enthusiasm towards Buddhism by the bias of a great number of constructions of pagodas. That unrelentingly led the people to misery because of the too high taxes and ineluctably caused the popular discontent which was the principal cause of its fall.

Whatever his educational level, man always has in him Wisdom because when we act badly or not, we will know it thanks to our own conscience. For example, when one tries to lie, one feels ashamed towards oneself although the person to whom one lied does not know it. It is the wisdom which helps us make this distinction. The French philosopher Blaise Pascal had the occasion to stress that man is a thinking reed.

To continue to lie or act badly or not, we need Will. It is easy to evoke this quality but it appears difficult for us to have it because we are obliged to go sometimes against our own interests or to be losers at times also. Sometimes it happens to us not to have a safe life. I refer to some Chinese or Vietnamese historical facts with an aim of enabling us to be together to reflect and respectfully admire the people whom I regard as knowing how to perfect themselves because they had the three qualities evoked above. They became famous characters in the history of China and Vietnam.

Initially, it was the case of Zhuge Liang ( or Gia Cát Lượng in Vietnamese). He was at the same time Prime Minister and adviser to Liu Bei, the last survivor of the Han dynasty ( Lưu Hoài Ðức ) in China. The Barbarians coming from the steppes of the North of China and directed by Manh Hoạch often liked to raid the territory of his kingdom. Zhuge Liang managed to capture Manh Hoạch 7 times but this latter was released immediately on the order of Zhuge Liang at each capture. He was very generous. He was equipped with an extraordinary wisdom because he found that it was necessary to convince Manh Hoach by the means of love and feelings. If Manh Hoạch had been killed, there would be probably another Manh Hoạch. That obliged him to frequently assemble punitive expeditions and did not allow him to have the free hand to restore the Han dynasty and to bring back peace and happiness to its citizens.

It was why he continued to release impassively Manh Hoach at the time of each capture. He had an incommensurable will because he knew that to prevent Manh Hoach from betraying later, he was to waste much time, to forget the personal interests and to give himself many concerns with his rather advanced age. It would be less tiring for him if he decided to kill Manh Hoach because he was not obliged to assemble up to 7 times the punitive expedition. At the time of the last capture, when he was about to usually release Manh Hoach, this latter started to cry and to surrender definitively. Zhuge Liang had these three qualities evoked above. Although he is not a monk, we can affirm that with the three qualities found in him ( Love, Wisdom and Will ), he knew how to perfect himself and he was already regarded as a Wise one at the time of the Three Kingdoms.

In Vietnam, there are also kings whom we can regard as the Wise ones. It is the case of king Lý Thánh Tôn which had these 3 qualities quoted above. This is why he was known in the history of Vietnam as an intelligent king, distinguished, charitable and valiant. The revolt of the king of Champa, Chế Cũ obliged him to assemble a punitive expedition while leaving regency to his concubine Ỷ Lan. Faced with the determination of Chế Cũ, he was not able to capture him after several months of expedition. Disappointed, he was obliged to return to the country. On his return, he learned that his people did not cease praising the talent of his concubine Ỷ Lan in the art of governing the country. He felt ashamed and decided to return to the front. When he succeeded to capture Chế Cũ, he could have killed this one to alleviate his anger but he preferred to let him return to his country.

It was why Viet-Nam knew a period of peace, prosperity and happiness. He was very charitable because he let the one who had humiliated him in front of his people leave. He lost much time in order to be able to capture him. Are we capable of acting as he did if we were in his place? One fine day, during one period when the winter was hard, he addressed his mandarins in the following terms:

By dressing myself in this manner, I continue to be stiff with cold. How do people manage to resist this rigorous cold especially the poor when it is known that they do not have enough money to feed themselves?. It is necessary to give them as of now additional food and clothes.

Another time, while holding company with his daughter, the princess Ðông Thiên, at the time of an audience, he turned to his mandarins in saying to them:

I have a deep love for my people as that which I always have for my daughter. Unfortunately, the people is so little informed that it does not cease to make mistakes. It is for that that I have so much pity for it. I kindly request you to decrease the punishments and the pains inflicted.

His wisdom was incommensurable. To conquer Champa, he knew that it was necessary to convince and calm Chế Cũ although he was humiliated and upset to compare what he had undergone to what his concubine had done, a woman coming from a rural environment, Y? Lan for his people during his absence. He could kill Chế Cũ to alleviate his anger and to wash this momentary insult. But he was a courageous man who could put the interests of his people before his personal interests. He was really the person having the three evoked qualities.

 
Whatever the situation we are in, we, Caodaïsts, we must try to improve ourselves. That sometimes happened to me to want to continue this step. It is necessary to recognize that it is not easy to concretize it. I do not hide either that I had also the daily difficulties but I feel relieved enormously when I succeeded in concretizing it a little. I am delighted because I realize that I start to improve myself even if that appears negligible.

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A young Caodaïst

That reminds me of the sentence that Ung Giả Vi wrote in the Conversations of Wise Confucius:

Nhân viên hồ tai! Ngã dục nhân, Tư Nhân chi hỷ!
Nhân có xa đâu! Ta muốn nhân thì nhân đến vậy!

The virtue is not far! One will be able to have it if one really wants it.

that enables me to be convinced that GOOD or EVIL exists well in each one of us. I understand that it is not necessary to go to the pagoda or the church to be able to improve oneself. I am able to do it if I do not forget what God in the bible of the Caodaïsts said that I had the occasion to read:

If you want to be a true Caodaïst, it is necessary that you have Love and the moral principle. It is absolutely necessary for you to improve yourself.

You merit to thus wear this white tunic, symbol of purity. You feel more than ever proud to be a Caodaïst.

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Être Caodaïste (Tôi là người Cao Đài)

 

Version vietnamienne
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Nous, les Caodaïstes, nous devons savoir nous perfectionner. Il n’est pas indispensable pour nous de jeûner et d’invoquer Bouddha par des prières ou d’être cloîtrés dans la pagode afin de pouvoir être à la perfection. Nous avons la possibilité de le faire si nous avons toujours en nous les trois qualités suivantes: l’Amour, la Sagesse et la Volonté. À la naissance, nous avons eu déjà la bonté. C’est pourquoi, nos Aïeux ont eu l’habitude de dire:

Nhân chi sơ, tính bản thiện. Le genre humain est naturellement bon à la naissance.

Mais à cause des aléas de la vie, des rivalités injustifiées et des désirs immodérés qui continuent à nous accaparer sempiternellement, nous sommes devenus ainsi des gens malhonnêtes, perfides, égoïstes, ce qui nous fait perdre la bonté que nous avons acquise à la naissance. Tous les Sages de l’Antiquité avaient eu ces trois qualités évoquées ci-dessus.

Pour avoir l’idée sur ce que l’individu possède en termes de bonté ou non, il nous suffit d’observer sa conduite envers ses proches. C’est par cette observation que nous arrivons à le connaître, ce qu’avait dit le philosophe chinois  Jou Mencius.

L’Amour est une qualité nécessaire à la perfection mais elle ne peut pas être parfaite car nous avons besoin de la sagesse pour distinguer le vrai du faux, la raison du tort , le bien du mal. Il n’ y a pas mal des gens généreux qui, malgré leurs dons offerts à la construction des pagodes d’une manière non négligeable, continuent à être empêtrés dans un comportement néfaste car ils n’arrivent pas à discerner la raison du tort. Il leur arrive d’être mal considérés quelquefois par rapport à ceux qui n’ont jamais l’occasion de participer à cette contribution généreuse.

Au Vietnam, la dynastie des Lý était réputée pour sa ferveur irréprochable envers le bouddhisme par le biais d’un grand nombre de constructions de pagodes. Cela conduisit inexorablement le peuple à la misère à cause des impôts trop élevés et provoqua inéluctablement le mécontentement populaire qui était la cause principale de sa chute.

Quel que soit son niveau d’instruction, l’homme a toujours en lui la Sagesse car quand nous agissons mal ou non , nous le saurons grâce à notre propre conscience. Par exemple, quand on essaie de mentir, on se sent honteux envers soi-même bien que la personne à qui on a menti ne le sache pas. C’est la sagesse qui nous aide à faire cette distinction. Le philosophe français Blaise Pascal a eu l’occasion de souligner que l’homme est un roseau pensant.

Pour continuer à mentir ou à agir mal ou non, nous avons besoin de la Volonté. Il est facile d’évoquer cette qualité mais il nous parait difficile de la posséder car nous sommes obligés d’aller quelquefois à l’encontre de nos propres intérêts ou d’être perdants des fois aussi. Il nous arrive quelquefois de ne pas avoir la vie sauve. Je me réfère à quelques faits historiques chinois ou vietnamiens dans le but de nous permettre d’être ensemble à réfléchir et à admirer respectueusement les personnes considérées  comme  celles sachant se perfectionner car elles ont eu les trois qualités évoquées ci-dessus. Elles deviennent des personnages célèbres dans l’histoire de la Chine et du Vietnam.

D’abord, c’était le cas de Zhuge Liang (ou Gia Cát Lượng en vietnamien). Il fut à la fois premier ministre et conseiller de Liu Bei, le dernier survivant de la dynastie des Han (Lưu Hoài Ðức) en Chine. Les Barbares venant des steppes du Nord de la Chine et dirigés par Manh Hoạch aimaient à faire souvent des razzias sur le territoire de son royaume. Zhuge Liang arriva à capturer Manh Hoạch 7 fois mais ce dernier fut libéré immédiatement sur l’ordre de Zhuge Liang à chaque capture. Il était très généreux. Il était doté d’une sagesse extraordinaire car il trouva qu’il était nécessaire de convaincre Manh Hoạch par le biais de l’amour et des sentiments. Si Manh Hoạch avait été tué, il y aurait probablement un autre Manh Hoạch. Cela l’obligea à monter fréquemment des expéditions punitives et ne lui permit pas d’avoir les  mains libres pour restaurer la dynastie des Han et ramener la paix et le bonheur à ses citoyens.

C’était pourquoi il continua à libérer impassiblement Manh Hoạch lors de chaque capture. Il avait une volonté incommensurable car il savait que pour empêcher Manh Hoach de trahir plus tard, il devait perdre beaucoup de temps, laisser tomber les intérêts personnels et se donner beaucoup de soucis avec son âge assez élevé. Ce serait moins fatigant pour lui s’il décidait de tuer Manh Hoạch car il n’était pas obligé de monter jusqu’à 7 fois l’expédition punitive. Lors de la dernière capture, lorsqu’il était sur le point de libérer habituellement Manh Hoạch, ce dernier commença à pleurer et à se rendre définitivement. Zhuge Liang a eu ces trois qualités évoquées ci-dessus. Bien qu’il ne soit pas religieux, nous pouvons affirmer qu’avec les trois qualités trouvées en lui ( l’Amour, la Sagesse et la Volonté ), il a su se perfectionner et il était considéré déjà comme un Sage à l’époque des Trois Royaumes.

Au Vietnam, il y a aussi des rois que nous pouvons considérer comme des Sages. C’est le cas du roi Lý Thánh Tôn qui a eu ces 3 qualités citées ci-dessus. C’est pourquoi il a été connu dans l’histoire du Vietnam comme un roi intelligent, distingué, charitable et vaillant. La révolte du roi du Champa, Chế Cũ l’obligea à monter une expédition punitive tout en laissant à sa concubine Ỷ Lan la régence. Face à la détermination de Chế Cũ, il n’arriva pas à le capturer après plusieurs mois d’expédition. Déçu, il fut obligé de rentrer au pays. Sur le chemin de retour, il apprit que son peuple ne cessait pas de vanter le talent de sa concubine Ỷ Lan dans l’art de gouverner le pays. Il se sentit honteux et décida de revenir au front. Lorsqu’il réussît de capturer Chế Cũ, il aurait pu tuer celui-ci pour apaiser sa colère mais il préféra le laisser rentrer dans son pays.

C’était pourquoi le Vietnam connut une période de paix, de prospérité et de bonheur. Il était très charitable car il laissa partir celui qui l’avait humilié devant son peuple. Il perdit beaucoup de temps pour arriver à le capturer. Sommes-nous capables de le faire comme lui si nous étions à sa place? Un beau jour, durant une période où l’hiver était rude, il s’adressa à ses mandarins dans les termes suivants :

En m’habillant de cette manière, je continue à être transi de froid. Comment arrivent-ils les gens à résister à ce froid rigoureux surtout les pauvres lorsqu’on sait qu’ils n’ont pas assez d’argent pour se nourrir?. Il faut leur donner dès maintenant de la nourriture et des habits supplémentaires.

Une autre fois, en tenant compagnie à sa fille, la princesse Ðông Thiên, lors d’une audience, il se tourna vers ses mandarins en leur disant :

J’ai un amour profond pour mon peuple comme celui que j’ai toujours pour ma fille. Malheureusement, le peuple est si peu instruit qu’il ne cesse pas de commettre des fautes. C’est pour cela que j’en ai tellement pitié. Je vous demande de bien vouloir diminuer les châtiments et les peines infligés.

Sa sagesse était incommensurable. Pour conquérir le Champa, il sut qu’il fallait convaincre et calmer Chế Cũ bien qu’il fût humilié et vexé de comparer ce qu’il avait subi par rapport à ce qu’avait fait sa concubine, une femme issue d’un milieu rural, Ỷ Lan pour son peuple durant son absence. Il pourrait tuer Chê’ Cũ pour apaiser sa colère et laver cet outrage passager. Mais c’était un homme courageux qui savait mettre les intérêts de son peuple devant ses intérêts personnels. C’était bien la personne ayant les trois qualités évoquées.

Quelle que soit la situation où nous sommes, nous, les Caodaïstes, nous devons essayer de nous perfectionner. Cela m’est arrivé de vouloir poursuivre cette démarche. Il faut reconnaître que ce n’est pas facile de la concrétiser. Je ne cache pas non plus que j’ai eu aussi les difficultés journalières mais je me sens soulagé énormément quand j’ai réussi à la concrétiser un peu. J’en suis ravi car je me rends compte que je commence à me perfectionner un peu même si cela parait infime.

Un jeune caodaïste 

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Cela me rappelle la phrase que Ung Giả Vi a écrite dans les Entretiens du Sage Confucius:

Nhân viên hồ tai! Ngã dục nhân, Tư Nhân chi hỷ!
Nhân có xa đâu! Ta muốn nhân thì nhân đến vậy!
La vertu n’est pas loin! On pourra l’avoir si on la veut vraiment.

ce qui me permet d’être convaincu que le BIEN ou le MAL existe bien en chacun de nous. Vous pouvez  le choisir à votre guise. Je comprends qu’il n’est pas nécessaire d’aller à la pagode ou à l’église pour pouvoir se perfectionner. Je suis capable de le faire si je n’oublie pas ce qu’a dit Maître (Thầy) ( Dieu ) dans la bible des Caodaïstes que j’ai eu l’occasion de lire:

Si tu veux être un vrai Caodaïste, il faut que tu aies l’Amour et le principe moral. Il est absolument nécessaire pour toi de te perfectionner.

Tu mérites de porter ainsi cette tunique blanche, symbole de la pureté. Tu te sens fier plus que jamais d’être un Caodaïste.

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